Fair Progress?: Economic Mobility across Generations around the World

Narayan, Ambar; Weide, Roy van der; Cojocaru, Alexandru; Lakner, Christoph; Redaelli, Silvia; Mahler, Dan; Ramasubbaiah, Rakesh Gupta Nichanametla; Thewissen, Stefan

doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1210-1

Cited by 229 publications

(253 citation statements)

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“…PREPARE sought to improve school policies and practices specifically related to sexual violence and school safety, which the authors suggest were not sufficient to overcome structural and economic barriers to sexual health. Findings from this study might raise the question of whether the theory of human functioning and school organization is applicable mainly to high‐income countries, such as the United States and Australia, where educational and economic opportunities are more readily available and culturally acceptable . However, it is also possible that the PREPARE intervention did not sufficiently align with constructs within the theory to provide an adequate empirical test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of Interventions Addressing School Environments or Educational Assets on Adolescent Sexual Health: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Peterson

Donze

Allen

et al. 2019

Perspect Sexual Reproductive

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CONTEXT School‐based interventions that aim to modify sexual health knowledge, attitudes and behaviors have mixed and often unsustained effects on adolescent sexual health outcomes. However, observational evidence suggests that broader school‐related factors, such as school climate and academic attainment, can influence outcomes. METHODS Nine databases were searched in July 2017 for randomized and quasi‐experimental evaluations of interventions addressing school‐level environment or student‐level educational assets, to examine whether such interventions can promote young people's sexual health. Searches were limited to studies published since 1990 but were not restricted by language. Studies were assessed for risk of bias and synthesized narratively and meta‐analytically. RESULTS Searches yielded 11 evaluations, published from 1999 to 2016, of interventions related to school‐level environment or student‐level educational assets. Because of inconsistent reporting, the risk of bias was not clear for most studies, and meta‐analysis was possible for only one outcome. The meta‐analysis of three randomized trials provided some evidence that school‐environment interventions may delay sexual debut (pooled odds ratio, 0.5). Narrative synthesis of the remaining outcomes found mixed results, but suggests that interventions addressing school‐level environment may delay sexual debut and that those addressing student‐level educational assets may reduce risk of pregnancy and STDs. CONCLUSIONS Additional and more rigorous evidence is needed to assess the probability that interventions addressing school‐related factors are effective and to provide better understanding of the mechanisms by which they may work to improve adolescent sexual health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of Interventions Addressing School Environments or Educational Assets on Adolescent Sexual Health: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Peterson

Donze

Allen

et al. 2019

Perspect Sexual Reproductive

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“…A recent study in OECD countries indicates that a significant majority of parents believe that their children will not be better off than themselves (OECD, 2017). A recent report by the World Bank on social/economic mobility in developing countries also indicates that "generations of poor people in developing countries are trapped in a cycle of poverty determined by their circumstance at birth and unable to ascend the economic ladders due to inequality of opportunity (Narayan, et al, 2018)." The report finds that social-economic mobility has stalled in recent years in many parts of the world, with the prospects of many people around the world still…”

Section: Ib Moving From Risk To Uncertainty To Potential Disruptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If poor individual/HHs have a higher probability to be poor in the future and the non-poor have a higher probability to be non-poor, inequality will increase over time. Globally, social/economic stagnation and downward mobility (rather than economic growth and upward social/economic mobility) are becoming the "new normal" in many parts of the world (Narayan, et. al., 2018).…”

Section: Box 42 Importance Of Geographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Protection in an Era of Increasing Uncertainty and Disruption

Jørgensen¹,

Siegel²

2019

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retro geometric background: © iStock.com/marigold_88 Project 54906Abstract This paper updates the Social Risk Management (SRM) conceptual framework; the foundation of the World Bank's first Social Protection Sector Strategy. SRM 2.0 addresses the increasingly risky and uncertain world; with opportunities and outcomes driven by possible disruptions from technology, markets, climate change, etc. SRM 2.0 is a spatial assets and livelihoods approach to household well-being featuring a risk chain covering all households across the lifecycle and for both positive and negative events. Key findings: Location and context are critical for household choices; assets are key to sustainable resilience to poverty, new assets and livelihoods need to be considered for the 21 st century, and resilience and vulnerability to poverty are two sides of the same coin. Operationally, SRM 2.0 points to the need for a greater focus on asset and livelihood building programs in addition to traditional poverty alleviation and risk sharing programs, better integration between rights-based and risk-based approaches, more inclusive targeting, and consideration of global social protection.

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“…Both surveys are nationally representative and include parental education data for individuals of all ages. 2 1 The Global Database of Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM) was compiled by Narayan et al (2018). 2 The sample size of individuals aged 21 or older is about 16,000 in the PSID and 33,000 in the CFPS.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, we examine estimates of intergenerational mobility in income for the US and China along with estimates for 73 other countries that have recently been compiled by Equalchances 2018 andNarayan et al 2018. Having estimates of income mobility for 75 countries representative of over 80 per cent of the world's population allows us to put the difference in income mobility between the US and China in a global perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China and the United States: Different economic models but similarly low levels of socioeconomic mobility

Weide¹,

Narayan²

2019

WIDER Working Paper

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The United States and China are the world's largest economies. Together they are responsible for about one-third of the world's economic output. This paper aims to examine whether the two economic giants are also lands of opportunity where resources are allocated in a way that minimizes unrealized human potential. Our analysis shows that despite stark differences in their levels of development, the US and China report remarkably similar levels of socioeconomic mobility; a level that is considered low by international standards. The US's level of socioeconomic mobility has historically been low, with little to no progress over the last three to four decades. Before it embarked on its transition from planned to market economy, socioeconomic mobility was relatively high in China. However, as it underwent a period of rapid economic growth, China's socioeconomic mobility declined significantly. The paper concludes that the world's two major economic powers have converged to a low level of socioeconomic mobility where talent from disadvantaged backgrounds is excluded from opportunities, plausibly implying unrealized human potential and misallocation of resources on a large scale.

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Fair Progress?: Economic Mobility across Generations around the World

Cited by 229 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Interventions Addressing School Environments or Educational Assets on Adolescent Sexual Health: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Effects of Interventions Addressing School Environments or Educational Assets on Adolescent Sexual Health: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Social Protection in an Era of Increasing Uncertainty and Disruption

China and the United States: Different economic models but similarly low levels of socioeconomic mobility

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