Fake News in Digital Media

Perception of “Fake News” and Potentially Manipulative Content in Digital Media—A Generational Approach

“…This sort of danger is exactly what Bhawna Narwal points to, stating the following: "This type of news is intended for entertainment and parody-the purpose is not to harm anybody but it can be misinterpreted as facts. Lots of websites and social media offer critical commentary on society, celebrities and politicians to amuse readers, but these stories have the potential to fool" [6] (p. 977). In relation to fake news, which is based on incorrect information whose purpose is to deceive the public, satirical news is "based on information that is exaggerated, overturned, and accentuated in order to point to deceptions", implying elements of humour at all times [17] (p. 13).…”

“…2 "Fake news can affect public perceptions, distort election campaigns and shape human emotions. Through designated keywords and comments people's minds can be influenced" [6] (p. 977). 3 Zubiaga and Ji (2014) used this operationalization of fake news in their study of manipulated photos that were circulated on Twitter during Hurricane Sandy in 2012.…”

“…2 "Fake news can affect public perceptions, distort election campaigns and shape human emotions. Through designated keywords and comments people's minds can be influenced" [6] (p. 977).…”

“…However, it is evident that various forms of digital media, in a technical sense, have great potential to spread and multiply information, although they are not the sole carrier.The exponential growth of content that has a primary intention of deception or manipulation represents one of the threatening features of the contemporary digital environment 2 . To what extent this content is widespread is obvious from the reference to the past decade as being "fake news" [6] (p. 977). Having recognised disinformation as a serious threat to democratic processes, security, and the welfare of citizens, the European Union adopted an Action Plan Against Disinformation in December 2018, with the aim of increasing awareness, social resistance, private sector mobilisation, and the ability of EU institutions to find, analyse, and discover disinformation [7,8] (p. 7).…”

A Walkthrough of Blockchain Technology and Its Potential Applications

“…The most common consensus protocol is proof of work. Proof of work is a puzzle that is easy to solve but not so easy that everyone solves [7,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. It is important that it must be solved in a particular time period.…”