Falcivibrio grandis gen. nov. sp. nov., and Falcivibrio vaginalis gen. nov. sp. nov., a New Genus and Species to Accommodate Anaerobic Motile Curved Rods Formerly Described as “Vibrio mulieris” (Prévot 1940) Breed et at. 1948

Hammann, R.; Kronibus, Annelie; Viebahn, A.; Brandis, H.

doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(84)80053-3

Cited by 23 publications

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“…Hydroxylated fatty acids or aldehyde fatty acids were not detected in acid hydrolysates of crude cell membrane preparations. (1,4,17,27,30,35,37,39,41,45,48), although the taxonomic position of members of this genus is still unresolved (15,43).The genus Mobiluncus has been tentatively assigned to the family Bacteroidaceae (43), which includes obligately anaerobic straight, curved, or helical gram-negative and gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (18). The Gram reactions of strains of Mobiluncus are typically gram negative or variable (15, 43), although electron micrographs show that structurally these organisms have gram-positive cell walls (41, 43) and lack an outer membrane.…”

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“…Among anaerobic curved rods consistent with Mobiluncus, fatty acid aldehydes (presumably from plasmologens) have been detected, while hydroxlated fatty acids (found predominately in gram-negative bacteria) have not been found (39). Mobiluncus species are resistant to some antimicrobial agents which traditionally inhibit gram-negative microorganisms and are susceptible to some antimicrobial agents which inhibit gram-positive microorganisms (1,8,15,42,43,44). Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reactivity, an indicator of gram-negative endotoxin, has also been reported (29).…”

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“…In 1940, Prevot (36) extensively studied the anaerobic curved rod-shaped organism recovered by Curtis and designated "Vibrio mulieris." Recently, Hammann et al (15) proposed a new genus (Falcivibrio) containing two species (Falcivibrio grandis and Falcivibrio vaginalis) for organisms previously designated " Vibrio mulieris.' ' Curved anaerobic bacteria similar to species of Mobiluncus have received much attention (1,4,17,27,30,35,37,39,41,45,48), although the taxonomic position of members of this genus is still unresolved (15,43).…”

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“…The Gram reactions of strains of Mobiluncus are typically gram negative or variable (15,43), although electron micrographs show that structurally these organisms have gram-positive cell walls (41,43) and lack an outer membrane. Likewise, anaerobic curved rod-shaped organisms belonging to the genera Butyrivibrio, Lachnospira, and Acetivibrio (B), which are also members of the family Bacteruidaceae, stain gram negative but are structurally gram positive.…”

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Cell Wall Characteristics of Mobiluncus Species

Carlone

Thomas

Arko

et al. 1986

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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The three type strains and a reference strain of Mobiluncus examined in this study had a gram-positive type of cell walls. All four strains were susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to colistin, and the overall susceptibility patterns with other antimicrobial agents were consistent with those of gram-positive microorganisms. Strains of Mobiluncus mulieris were lysed by 3% potassium hydroxide, and strains of Mobiluncus curtisii were not. However, all of the strains examined had intermediate levels of Limulus amebocyte-lysate reactivity that was not lipopolysaccharide associated. Lipopolysaccharide was not detected when whole-cell lysates were digested with proteinase K, separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and silver stained. In addition, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and heptose were not detected by gas chromatography of 0-methyloxime acetate derivatives of whole-cell carbohydrates. Saponification and gas chromatography of whole-cell fatty acids showed that none of the four strains examined had detectable levels of hydroxylated fatty acids. Hydroxylated fatty acids or aldehyde fatty acids were not detected in acid hydrolysates of crude cell membrane preparations. (1,4,17,27,30,35,37,39,41,45,48), although the taxonomic position of members of this genus is still unresolved (15,43).The genus Mobiluncus has been tentatively assigned to the family Bacteroidaceae (43), which includes obligately anaerobic straight, curved, or helical gram-negative and gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria (18). The Gram reactions of strains of Mobiluncus are typically gram negative or variable (15, 43), although electron micrographs show that structurally these organisms have gram-positive cell walls (41, 43) and lack an outer membrane. Likewise, anaerobic curved rod-shaped organisms belonging to the genera Butyrivibrio, Lachnospira, and Acetivibrio (B), which are also members of the family Bacteruidaceae, stain gram negative but are structurally gram positive. Among anaerobic curved rods consistent with Mobiluncus, fatty acid aldehydes (presumably from plasmologens) have been detected, while hydroxlated fatty acids (found predominately in gram-negative bacteria) have not been found (39). Mobiluncus species are resistant to some antimicrobial agents which traditionally inhibit gram-negative microorganisms and are susceptible to some antimicrobial agents which inhibit gram-positive microorganisms (1,8,15,42,43,44). Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) reactivity, an indicator of gram-negative endotoxin, has also been reported (29).In this study, we compared characteristics of the type * Corresponding author.strains and a reference strain of Mobiluncus since previous reports have included organisms of undetermined taxonomic position which resemble members of this genus. We examined four strains of Mobiluncus for the following characteristics which are indicative of cell wall type: cell lysis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), endotoxin reactivity, fatty acid content, antimicrobial agent susceptibility, and carbohyd...

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Cell Wall Characteristics of Mobiluncus Species

Carlone

Thomas

Arko

et al. 1986

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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Mobiluncus

Hoyles¹,

McCartney²

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Mo.bi.lun'cus. L. adj. mobilis capable of movement, active; L. masc. n. uncus hook; N.L. masc. n. Mobiluncus a motile curved rod. Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Mobiluncus Curved rods with tapered ends, 1–5 × 0.4–0.6 µm. Depending on the growth medium, cells occur singly or in pairs with a gullwing appearance. Gram‐stain‐negative or Gram‐stain‐variable . Cells are motile by means of multiple subpolar flagella (exact numbers are yet to be determined, but are thought to be between one and eight), and possess a multi‐layered Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall type. Endospores are not formed . Anaerobic , growing best in an enriched CO 2 atmosphere. Some strains become aerotolerant after several passages, being able to grow in a partially reduced atmosphere containing 5% O 2 . Optimum growth at 35–37°C, with no or poor growth at 20, 43, or 45°C. Growth is stimulated by horse or rabbit serum and by whole blood. Growth is not stimulated by formate/fumarate. Slow growth on solid media. After 3 d incubation at 37°C, colonies on peptone/yeast extract/glucose/sheep blood or Columbia agar supplemented with human blood are pin‐point to 1 mm in diameter. After 5 d, the colonies are larger, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, and gray‐white or slightly yellowish. Cells are killed by heating at 55°C for 15 minutes. Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative. Weakly (terminal pH 5.5–6.5) or strongly (terminal pH <5.5) saccharolytic. Fermentation products include acetic and succinic acids, with or without lactic acid, when grown in peptone/yeast extract/glucose medium. Propionic acid is not produced. Do not produce acid from L ‐arabinose, D ‐arabitol, lactose, mannitol, methyl‐β‐ D ‐galactopyranoside, or sorbitol. Negative for alkaline phosphatase, α‐arabinosidase, chymotrypsin, β‐galactosidase‐6‐phosphate, β‐glucosidase, trypsin, and urease (RapID 32Strep), cysteine arylamidase, lipase (C14), α‐mannosidase, β‐mannosidase, N ‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid, and valine arylamidase activity. Variable activity for phenylalanine arylamidase (weak‐ to strong‐positive reaction). Acid phosphatase‐ and pyrollydonyl arylamidase‐negative. Acetoin is not produced . Gelatin is not hydrolyzed. Nitrate may be reduced . Sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, moxalactam, penicillin G, rifampin, streptomycin, tobramycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. Resistant to colistin, cycloserine, nalidixic acid, neomycin, and mezlocillin. Associated with the human vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV). DNA G+C content (mol%) : 49–52 ( T m ; Spiegel and Roberts, 1984a); 50–54 ( T m ; Hammann et al., 1984). Type species : Mobiluncus curtisii Spiegel and Roberts 1984a, 181 VP .

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