(Falta de) controle do desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira: do fortalecimento ao desmantelamento da autoridade governamental (1999-2020)

Abstract

As políticas de controle do desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira têm recuado nos últimos anos. Este artigo analisa a trajetória dessas políticas entre 1999 e 2020, na busca por compreender como e porque a capacidade regulatória do Estado evoluiu e, recentemente, foi desmantelada. Esta pesquisa se baseia em uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando as taxas de desmatamento como ponto de referência e compilando as principais regulamentações florestais em nível federal em uma linha do tempo que cobre a ascensão e a queda dessas políticas. As conclusões mostram que, entre 1999 e 2012, a trajetória institucional seguiu um padrão de desenvolvimento de capacidades. No entanto, esse padrão foi invertido a partir de 2013. A partir de 2019, está em curso um processo de desmantelamento ativo, marcado por uma nova onda de desmatamento e por uma notável redução na densidade das políticas florestais.

Analysis of the Impacts of Small-Scale LNG Projects for Energy Supply of the North Region of Brazil: The Case of Roraima

“…The Brazilian gas market has undergone a transformation process over the last 15 years, thus, intensifying discussions about the need to make it more consistent and the importance of minimizing differences between regional markets for its effective expansion and consolidation [5,9]. It should be noted that these processes were strongly influenced by the federal government's incentive programs for the expansion of the Brazilian gas market and the enactment of Law No.…”

“…Therefore, it is noted that, despite its vast energy reserves of this input, the Brazilian natural gas market, in relation to transport logistics and commercial transactions, is considered immature, being little developed in relation to international markets that are referenced at a level worldwide, such as the United States and the European Union. This happens for several reasons, including the strong influence and dominance of Petrobras over the oil and gas market in the country and the existence of gaps in the regulatory model relating to the gas chain, which in turn generate uncertainty regarding the limits between some of the stages in the chain and, therefore, negatively impact the effective establishment and expansion of the gas market in the national territory [5].…”

Stable isotope ecology of terra preta in Caxiuanã National Forest, Brazil

“…Approximately 75% of the total rainfall occurs between December and June associated with the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which advects warm equatorial Atlantic moisture inland over regions including the CNF (de Souza et al, 2005;Santos et al, 2015). This portion of Brazil is naturally covered in dense stands of southern neotropical lowland rainforest growing along numerous tributaries of the Amazon River, although deforestation has been pervasive since the 1970s with onand-off efforts to prevent clear cutting for cattle ranching (Moran, 1993;Fearnside, 2005;Fonseca et al, 2022). The CNF has protected status, which has sheltered it from deforestation.…”

Building and dismantling organisational capacity and bureaucratic identity: an analysis of Ibama’s civil service examinations (1989 – 2022)

“…Within Brazilian environmental policy, scholars and non-governmental organisations have shed light on different methods and consequences of dismantling. Reports by the Climate Observatory (2021,2022) and Fonseca et al (2022) describe how, via nearly two thousand executive orders, Bolsonaro's government weakened legislation, restricted participatory forums, subordinated environmental agencies to the Armed Forces, centralised decision-making, and reduced budget for environmental policies. Scantimburgo (2020) registered successive administrative reshufflings whereby agencies responsible for water and forestry policies were transferred from the Ministry of Environment to other ministries.…”