Familial Predisposition for Psychiatric Disorder

Arendt, Mikkel; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Rosenberg, Raben; Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker; Waltoft, Berit Lindum

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1269

Cited by 58 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The vast majority of studies linking candidate genes and cannabis use to psychiatric symptoms are related to schizophrenia or psychotic illnesses. Several studies support a relationship between family psychiatric history and increased likelihood of psychotic symptoms associated with cannabis use [213–215]. Psychosis liability has also been shown to potentiate the psychotomimetic effects of acute cannabis use[15, 17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Hanna

Perez

Ghose

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background The use of cannabis has garnered more attention recently with ongoing efforts at marijuana legalization. The consequences of cannabis use are not clearly understood and remain a concern. Objectives to review the acute and persistent effects of cannabis use and associations with psychiatric disorders Methods Using Pubmed and PsychInfo, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity using the keywords cannab*, marijuana, schizo*, psychosis, mood, depression, mania, bipolar and anxiety. Results There is substantial evidence of cannabis use leading to other illicit drug use and of an association between cannabis use and psychosis. A few reports suggest an association with bipolar disorder while the association with depression and anxiety disorders is mixed. Conclusions Whenever an association is observed between cannabis use and psychiatric disorders, the relationship is generally an adverse one. Age at the time of cannabis use appears to be an important factor with stronger associations observed between adolescent onset cannabis use and later onset of psychiatric disorders. Additional studies taking into account potential con-founds (such as withdrawal symptoms, periods of abstinence and other substance use) and moderators (such as age of initiation of cannabis use, amount and frequency of drug use, prior history of childhood maltreatment and gender) are needed to better under-stand the psychiatric consequences of cannabis use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Hanna

Perez

Ghose

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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“…The model put forth in this paper would presume that the culpable environmental factor is related to lower light levels in northerly climates, although the effect of the stress of immigrating to a different culture cannot easily be discounted, as discussed by Coid et al (2008). In addition, rates of usage of illicit drugs may be higher amongst Afro-Caribbeans immigrants, particularly of concern if the drug of choice is cannabis (McGuire et al, 1995; Moore et al, 2007; Arendt et al, 2008; Di Forti et al, 2009; McGrath et al, 2010b). The rate of cannabis use in the Afro-Caribbean immigrant population may be somewhat higher vs. long term residents of the U.K. (Harvey et al, 1990) but may not be higher than rates in their home countries which have been reported to be already quite high (reviewed by Sugarman and Craufurd, 1994; Maharajh and Konings, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for phenotypic plasticity in response to photic cues and the connection with genes of risk in schizophrenia

Miller¹

2013

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Numerous environmental factors have been identified as influential in the development of schizophrenia. Some are byproducts of modern life, yet others were present in our evolutionary past and persist to a lesser degree in the current era. The present study brings together published epidemiological data for schizophrenia and data on variables related to photic input for places of residence across geographical regions, using rainfall as an inverse, proxy measure for light levels. Data were gathered from the literature for two countries, the former Yugoslavia and Ireland, during a time in the early 20th century when mobility was relatively limited. The data for Yugoslavia showed a strong correlation between hospital census rates for schizophrenia (by place of birth) and annual rain (r = 0.96, p = 0.008). In Ireland, the hospital census rates and first admissions for schizophrenia (by place of permanent residence) showed a trend for correlation with annual rain, reaching significance for 1st admissions when the rainfall data was weighted by the underlying population distribution (r = 0.71, p = 0.047). In addition, across the years 1921–1945, birth-year variations in a spring quarter season-of-birth effect for schizophrenia in Ireland showed a trend for correlation with January-March rainfall (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.10). The data are discussed in terms of the effect of photoperiod on the gestation and behavior of offspring in animals, and the premise is put forth that vestigial phenotypic plasticity for such photic cues still exists in humans. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms of risk identified for psychotic disorders include genes modulated by photoperiod and sunlight intensity. Such a relationship between phenotypic plasticity in response to a particular environmental regime and subsequent natural selection for fixed changes in the environmentally responsive genes, has been well studied in animals and should not be discounted when considering human disease.

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“…It is therefore likely that both environmental factors and genetic predisposition play a role in this causal association. Consistent with this notion, among patients with schizophrenia, hypersensitivity to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis is associated with early cannabis exposure and a family history of psychosis (Arendt et al, 2008; Goldberger et al, 2010); moreover, a recent study of a large sample of students found that sensitivity to the psychotomimetic effects of cannabis appears to be an intrinsic feature present since the first exposure to cannabis (Krebs et al, 2014). …”

Section: Long-term Effects Of Cannabis Use During Adolescence In Humansmentioning

confidence: 92%

Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabinoid exposure in adult psychopathology

et al. 2014

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Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug among adolescents and young adults. Unique cognitive, emotional, and social changes occur during this critical period of development from childhood into adulthood. The adolescent brain is in a state of transition and differs from the adult brain with respect to both anatomy (e.g., neuronal connections and morphology) and neurochemistry (e.g., dopamine, GABA, and glutamate). These changes are thought to support the emergence of adult cerebral processes and behaviors. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in development by acting on synaptic plasticity, neuronal cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive component in marijuana, acts as a partial agonist of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). Thus, over-activation of the endocannabinoid system by chronic exposure to CB1R agonists (e.g., THC, CP-55,940, and WIN55,212-2) during adolescence can dramatically alter brain maturation and cause long-lasting neurobiological changes that ultimately affect the function and behavior of the adult brain. Indeed, emerging evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrates that early-onset marijuana use has long-lasting consequences on cognition; moreover, in humans, this use is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. Here, we review the relationship between cannabinoid exposure during adolescence and the increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing on both clinical and animal studies.

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Familial Predisposition for Psychiatric Disorder

Cited by 58 publications

References 47 publications

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: A literature review

Evidence for phenotypic plasticity in response to photic cues and the connection with genes of risk in schizophrenia

Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabinoid exposure in adult psychopathology

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