Family Involvement with MD & A (Management Disclosure & Analysis) Readability Level

Abstract

<jats:p>This study aims to examine the relationship between family involvement and the readability level of the MD &amp; A (Management Disclosure &amp; Analysis) released by the company. This study uses 1795 final samples from firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2010-2018. We tested the research hypothesis using ordinary least square regression (OLS). This was done using the Stata software by adding a fixed effect for industry diversity in order to strengthen the study results. This study used two proxies of the family firm where there is the involvement of family members at the management level and related to the ownership of company shares. Both of these proxies show consistent results indicating that family firms tend to release less readable MD&amp;As. Furthermore, the language differences were also tested in this study. Apart from the presentation of the MD&amp;A in English or Indonesian, family firms still present reports with lower readability. This study provides a perspective to the authorities regarding the family firm's governance intended to help improve existing regulations.</jats:p>

Reading the CEO's Face: The Effect of Facial Masculinity on the Readability of MD&A Reports

“…Firm size (FSIZE) is the natural logarithm of the firm's total assets . The size of board commissioners (COMSIZE) is obtained from the number of people who serve on the board of commissioners (Sucahyati et al, 2020). Meanwhile, the size of the board of directors (DIRSIZE) is the number of people who serve on the board of directors (Sucahyati et al, 2020).…”

“…The size of board commissioners (COMSIZE) is obtained from the number of people who serve on the board of commissioners (Sucahyati et al, 2020). Meanwhile, the size of the board of directors (DIRSIZE) is the number of people who serve on the board of directors (Sucahyati et al, 2020). Firm age (FAGE) is the firm's age as measured by the the number of years since the firm was founded (Li, 2008;.…”