Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes

Renzulli, Linda; Aldrich, Howard E.; Moody, James

doi:10.1093/sf/79.2.523

Cited by 450 publications

(473 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Secondly, the productivity of women may be enhanced by creating awareness of the importance of relevant experience and knowledge for new venture success, advising them to acquire more experience in a wage-job in a similar sector or absorb relevant knowledge and learn from the experiences of successful entrepreneurs. Female entrepreneurs are more likely to ask family members for advice than their male counterparts (Marsden 1987;Greve and Salaff 2003), which may relate to the difficulty of expanding their networks to the male-dominated business circuits (Renzulli et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Verheul

Carree²,

Thurik

2009

Small Bus Econ

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This paper investigates time allocation decisions in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs using a model that distinguishes between effects of preferences and productivity on the number of working hours. Using data of 1,158 entrepreneurs we find that the preference for work time in new ventures relates to start-up motivation, propensity to take risk and availability of other income. Productivity of work time relates to human, financial and social capital endowments and the prevalence of outsourcing activities. This study also evaluates actual profit effects 1 year after start-up. We find that on average women invest less time in the business than men. This can be attributed to both a lower preference for work time (driven by risk aversion and availability of other income) and a lower productivity per hour worked (due to lower endowments of human, social and financial capital).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Verheul

Carree²,

Thurik

2009

Small Bus Econ

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“…However, the family's influence on self-employment decisions has been explored mostly through the mechanisms of inter-generational transmission, explicating the role of parental influences (e.g. Aldrich et al, 1998;Dunn & Holtz-Eakin, 2000;Hout & Rosen, 2000;Renzulli, Aldrich & Moody, 2000;Sorensen, 2007). Yet, only few studies focused on the spousal influences, most of which work with narrowly selected samples, examining only married couples (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nee & Sanders, 1996;Brown et al, 2006) with simple linear probability models that do not account for the endogeneity that emerges when individuals are selected into selfemployment and marriage simultaneously (e.g. Borjas, 1986;Renzulli et al, 2000). Estimates on the cross-sectional data also confound the effects on entry and on survival in selfemployment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Only the lonely? The influence of the spouse on the transition to self-employment

Özcan

2011

Small Bus Econ

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Previous research showed that married individuals are overrepresented among the self-employed. Few studies proposed skill-spillover between the spouses within the marriage as an explanation. This paper deviates from the previous research by exploring different relationship contexts (e.g. cohabitation, being married or divorced, a widow(er) or single) and the role of partner influences under these contexts. It argues that the interaction between gender and relationship status implies variation in not only resources but also constraints, and hence sorts individuals into two different types of self-employment: entrepreneurial selfemployment (i.e. incorporated business) and unincorporated self-employment. Using -Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 1965-2005‖ data, results of the competing risk models show that marital status contributes to both types of self-employment transitions, especially for men, but also for women. Cohabitation is a less supportive context for entrepreneurship and a partner's self-employment experience increases only women's likelihood of entering into entrepreneurship. These results suggest that skill-spillover between partners might be context dependent and only in one direction (from men to women). * I am grateful to

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“…Preference for entrepreneurship is associated with higher chances of second attempts Social network support Renzulli, Aldrich, & Moody, 2000 Women receive more donations from friends and family than men, but the amount of those donations do not differ Not in matched sample Successful completion of first project None on gender, but see Gompers et al, 2006 No difference Yes. Failures to complete first project decrease the chance of becoming a serial founder.…”

Section: Difference In Marginal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brush & Hisrich, 1987;Lerner et al, 1997) the nature of social networks (e.g. Renzulli, Aldrich, & Moody, 2000); and the ongoing success of earlier founding attempts. In order to determine whether our results are robust to accounting for such differences between men and women, we deployed a survey to measure these factors.…”

Section: Robustness To Alternative Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second Thoughts About Second Acts: Gender Differences in Serial Founding Rates

Kuppuswamy

Mollick

2016

SSRN Journal

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Men are far more likely to start new ventures than women. We argue that one explanation of this gap is that women respond differently to signals of past entrepreneurial success due to the "male hubris, female humility" effect. We argue that as a result women are disproportionately less likely to persist in second founding attempts than men when they have succeeded or failed by large margins. Using a data set of serial founders in crowdfunding, we find evidence supporting this prediction. We then turn to a unique survey of founders in crowdfunding in order to examine alternative explanations. We find support for a variety of systematic differences between male and female founders, but the persistence effect remains. While decreased persistence in the face of low quality opportunities benefits women individually, we argue that it disadvantages women as a group, as it leads to 25.3% fewer female-led foundings in our sample than would have occurred if women reacted similarly to men. Abstract: Men are far more likely to start new ventures than women. We argue that one explanation of this gap is that women respond differently to signals of past entrepreneurial success due to the "male hubris, female humility" effect. We argue that as a result women are disproportionately less likely to persist in second founding attempts than men when they have succeeded or failed by large margins. Using a data set of serial founders in crowdfunding, we find evidence supporting this prediction. We then turn to a unique survey of founders in crowdfunding in order to examine alternative explanations. We find support for a variety of systematic differences between male and female founders, but the persistence effect remains. While decreased persistence in the face of low quality opportunities benefits women individually, we argue that it disadvantages women as a group, as it leads to 25.3% fewer female-led foundings in our sample than would have occurred if women reacted similarly to men. * Authorship is alphabetical; both authors contributed equally in developing this paper. The authors would like to thank Adam Cox, Disciplines Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods

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Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes

Cited by 450 publications

References 46 publications

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Only the lonely? The influence of the spouse on the transition to self-employment

Second Thoughts About Second Acts: Gender Differences in Serial Founding Rates

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