Family Outcomes for Families of 4–5-Year-Old Children on the Autism Spectrum Who Have Received Early Childhood Intervention in Australia

Adams, Dawn; Keen, Deb; Heussler, Helen; Wicks, Rachelle; Roberts, Jacqueline

doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000143

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Although causality cannot be shown, these results show that in general, families who receive family-centered services in EI experience a positive impact on empowerment. This result is consistent with the other study [ 27 ], who found a high level of empowerment in the families receiving family-centered EI services. Similar results have been reported in other studies [ 30 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This formal support network is also useful with other health professionals, such as physicians and social workers, although at a lower frequency and use (Table 5). Nevertheless, although research has shown the importance of supports and their relationship to empowerment, the literature shows cultural differences when it comes to delineating which supports are important to families and, thus, are related to FQoL or families' needs (e.g., Australia, Singapore, Japan, or Spain) [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Supports Used By the Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, although research has shown the importance of supports and their relationship to empowerment, the literature shows cultural differences when it comes to delimiting which supports are important to families and, thus, are related to FQoL or families’ needs (e.g., Australia, Singapore, Japan, or Spain) [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Support Network and Family Empowerment In Early Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support Networks and Family Empowerment in Early Intervention

Rico

Rueda

Cañadas

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Despite the importance of empowerment and the support network of families who receive early intervention (EI) with a family-centered approach, there is little evidence of a relationship between these two variables and family characteristics that might influence this relationship. This study analyzes the correlations between the perception of empowerment of the families, the family supports used, and the socio-demographic factors of both the child and the family. The study consisted of 44 families who received family-centered EI services. Our results show that families mainly used formal supports, followed by informal supports, and, to a lesser extent, intermediate supports. This indicates that families with children who receive EI preferably use the support network based on EI programs, schools, and professionals. Along with this formal support network, primary caregivers rely on their partners, parents, or friends—that is, the informal support network. Family empowerment was not correlated with age, diagnosis, or the reason for referral to EI; on the other hand, it was related to the supports where the families with the lowest empowerment scores were those who made greater use of formal support over informal support. Early intervention professionals must know, from the first encounter, the type and level of support of each family to enhance the development of the child and promote empowerment in families.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Supports Used By the Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Support Network and Family Empowerment In Early Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support Networks and Family Empowerment in Early Intervention

Rico

Rueda

Cañadas

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Further, emerging research has tested the psychometric features of the FOS-R and investigated attainment of FOS-R family outcomes for children with disabilities, and caregivers' perceptions on the extent to which EI has served their needs, across Singapore (Poon, Ooi, Bull, & Bailey, 2014) and Japan (Ueda, Yonemoto, & Bailey, 2015). The FOS-R has been used previously as a measure of family outcomes for children with disabilities on the autism spectrum in the Australian context (Adams, Keen, Heussler, Wicks, & Roberts, 2019). However, this study simply described the FOS-R family outcomes and did not explore factors that may predict or influence whether families reach such outcomes following EI.…”

Section: Ei For Children On the Autism Spectrummentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Predictors of Family Outcomes of Early Intervention for Children on the Autism Spectrum: An Australian Cohort Study

Wicks

Paynter

Adams

2019

Journal of Early Intervention

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Family outcomes of early intervention (EI) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have received limited research attention to date. This study explored potential predictors of family outcomes and EI perceived helpfulness on the Family Outcomes Survey–Revised, utilizing an adapted double ABCX framework. Participants were 97 mothers of children aged 4 to 5 years ( M = 60.47 months; SD = 6.62; 87.6% male) participating in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Students with Autism (LASA). Parent and family factors were significant predictors, whereas child characteristics were largely nonsignificant beyond variance explained by parent and family factors. Findings highlight the importance of parent and family factors when considering family outcomes of EI and whether parents perceive benefits from their engagement with EI services. Overall, a shift in the focus of EI outcome evaluation is indicated, which views parents and families as meaningful to overall optimal EI outcomes.

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“…Bailey et al 9 define family outcomes as, ''benefits experienced by families as a result of services received'' (p228)-specifically, understanding the needs and abilities of their children, awareness of their rights, helping their children learn and develop, having support systems, and accessing the community, 10 and several recent studies have reported on family outcomes for families of autistic children. 11,12 This is particularly important in mothers on the spectrum given that Pohl et al 8 reported that mothers on the spectrum had significantly more difficulty than nonautistic mothers in feeling able to communicate effectively with professionals about their child, and were more likely to feel misunderstood by professionals and to feel unable to turn to others for support in parenting. Given the mixed findings for well-being outcomes in autistic mothers of autistic children, it is critical that any approach to exploring differences in the achievement of family outcomes between autistic and nonautistic mothers is able to consider the benefits of being an autistic mother of an autistic child alongside any additional challenges that this may bring.…”

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confidence: 99%

Autistic Mothers of Autistic Children: A Preliminary Study in an Under-Researched Area

Adams

Stainsby

Paynter

2021

Autism in Adulthood

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Background: Much research exists on the mental health and well-being of parents of autistic children; however, parents who are themselves autistic have received little attention in the literature. We aimed to compare parenting stress and family outcomes in mothers who do, and do not, identify as being autistic. Methods: We matched 20 mothers who identified as being autistic to 20 mothers who do not identify as being autistic on variables associated with parental well-being: child externalizing behaviors, score on the Social Communication Questionnaire, child adaptive functioning, family income, and child and maternal age. All mothers had at least one autistic child. Outcome variables were family outcomes (Family Outcome Survey-Revised) and parenting stress (Parent Stress Index 4-Short Form). Paired t-tests were used to compare scores between the two samples. Results: There were no statistical differences in achievement of family outcomes between the autistic and nonautistic mothers. The small effect size on Family Outcome 4 may suggest that autistic mothers develop stronger support networks, but as a statistical comparison for this item nonsignificant, this should be interpreted with caution. Autistic and nonautistic mothers reported equally high levels of parenting stress. Conclusions: Further research with larger samples is required to explore this under-researched area. Such research would be of value to understand any interaction between parental and child autism characteristics, well-being, and parenting. This could then inform development of supports, which can be tailored for each child's family.

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Family Outcomes for Families of 4–5-Year-Old Children on the Autism Spectrum Who Have Received Early Childhood Intervention in Australia

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Support Networks and Family Empowerment in Early Intervention

Support Networks and Family Empowerment in Early Intervention

Exploring the Predictors of Family Outcomes of Early Intervention for Children on the Autism Spectrum: An Australian Cohort Study

Autistic Mothers of Autistic Children: A Preliminary Study in an Under-Researched Area

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