The gist of this study was to investigate the impact of sand harvesting on education of pupils in public primary schools in Kathiani Division, Machakos County, Kenya. The study was premised on Horace Mann Classical Liberal Theory of Equal Opportunity which asserts that each person is born with a given amount of capacity, which to a large extent is inherited and cannot be substantially changed. A survey research design was adopted. Stratified sampling technique was applied to select 10 headteachers, 10 class teachers, 80 pupils, 2 local administration officers and 2 education officers, yielding a sample size of 104 subjects to participate in the study. Data collection instruments were questionnaires and interview guides. A pilot study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of questionnaires. Data were analyzed mainly through use of descriptive statistics. The findings were that pupils were highly involved in sand harvesting activities that took place early in the morning before school, during school hours, evening, at night and over the weekends, leading to extreme exhaustion of pupils and lack of concentration in school activities. It was concluded that sand harvesting negatively influenced the education of pupils in terms of school attendance, indiscipline as well as dismal academic performance in national examinations. It was recommended that the government and other stakeholder should regulate sand harvesting activities and provide bursaries to the needy pupils to enhance pupils' access, retention and performance in primary school education in Kathiani Division, Machakos County Kenya.