Family Theory and Research on Adolescent Drug Use:

Childhood risk factors and adolescent drug and alcohol abuse

“…Kumpfer and DeMarsh (1986) reviewed the literature on family influence and drug abuse and identified eight major risk factors: (1) age of the child during any family involvement with substance use, (2) degree of involvement by primary caretakers and degree of nonfulfillment of parental responsibilities, (3) severity of any abuse or neglect, (4) temperament and family role assumed by the child, (5) degree of family social isolation, (6) degree of family stress due to inconsistency in rules, rituals, and discipline, (7) degree of family conflict, and (8) degree of family modeling of use. In Glynn and Haenlein's (1988) review, they indicated that a positive parent-child relationship can serve as a deterrent to use. Whereas some studies show that family intactness may relate to use, they suggest that the nature of the parent-child relationship may be most important.…”