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The Game Management Framework for Sports Refereeing (GMFSR) provides a comprehensive and novel approach to understanding the performance of on-field interactor referees in competitive sports. It highlights key performance factors and focuses on the holistic integration of essential elements. According to the GMFSR, officiating performance is based on a referee’s embodied concepts: rules, laws and regulations and game knowledge; contextual judgment; physical fitness, positioning, and signaling; and dynamic communication and arbitration. These elements underpin the four skills of administering the game, decision-making, creating presence, and guiding the game, which together make up a referee’s game management competency. In addition, the framework emphasizes the importance of a referee mindset, stressing the influence of personal attributes and adaptive strategies on overall performance. Developed by integrating empirical evidence, different conceptual and theoretical perspectives, and expert knowledge from academia and practice, the GMFSR aims to provide a comprehensive foundation on which to stimulate ideas for the education and training of referees. It is hoped that by considering all elements of the GMFSR at the novice level and developing them throughout a referee’s career, it will provide holistic yet focused training, and serve as a valuable resource for future research.
The Game Management Framework for Sports Refereeing (GMFSR) provides a comprehensive and novel approach to understanding the performance of on-field interactor referees in competitive sports. It highlights key performance factors and focuses on the holistic integration of essential elements. According to the GMFSR, officiating performance is based on a referee’s embodied concepts: rules, laws and regulations and game knowledge; contextual judgment; physical fitness, positioning, and signaling; and dynamic communication and arbitration. These elements underpin the four skills of administering the game, decision-making, creating presence, and guiding the game, which together make up a referee’s game management competency. In addition, the framework emphasizes the importance of a referee mindset, stressing the influence of personal attributes and adaptive strategies on overall performance. Developed by integrating empirical evidence, different conceptual and theoretical perspectives, and expert knowledge from academia and practice, the GMFSR aims to provide a comprehensive foundation on which to stimulate ideas for the education and training of referees. It is hoped that by considering all elements of the GMFSR at the novice level and developing them throughout a referee’s career, it will provide holistic yet focused training, and serve as a valuable resource for future research.
This article examines football fan choreographies as multimodal performances. Fan choreographies, which are regularly organized by supporter groups at football stadia around the world, combine collective embodied actions with diverse media such as banners and flags. Choreographies serve multiple communicative purposes ranging from celebrating a team to commemorating events or protesting against unwanted developments. The article proposes a novel approach to analysing fan choreographies, building on previous research on linguistic, communicative and semiotic aspects of football, which are combined with recent theories of multimodal semiotics. By employing a methodology that uses the notion of materiality as a foundation for multimodal analysis, the article demonstrates how choreographies integrate various media that differ in their potential for meaning-making into complex spatiotemporal organizations. The results, which underline the nature of choreographies as collective social actions that are strongly anchored in football culture and embedded within society at large, illustrate how applying theories of multimodality can provide an improved understanding of performances more generally.
Futbol, dünyada kitleleri bir araya getiren bir spor dalıdır. Futbola yönelik bakış açısı, toplumdaki kültür ve bireylerin algıları ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı futbol maçları ve tribün deneyimlerinin taraftarların kimliklerini etkileme yollarını incelemektir. Taraftarların destekledikleri futbol takımları ile olan etkileşimlerinin kimliğe yönelik etki düzeyi ve biçiminin ortaya koyulması çalışmanın amaçları arasındadır. Çalışmada literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre futbolda derbi maçlarında yaşanan tribün deneyimleri taraftarlık kimliklerini etkilemektedir. Futbolun farklı özellik ve statülerden bireyleri bir araya getirmesi, taraftarların kimliklerini etkileme yollarından birisi olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada aynı zamanda futbol takımlarının imaj, atmosfer, faaliyetler, taraftar grupları, sloganlar, özdeşleşen özellikler aracılığıyla taraftar kimliğini etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar, futbol taraftarlarının deneyim unsurlarının görsel deneyim, işitsel deneyim, dokunsal deneyim, kokusal deneyim, tatsal deneyim boyutlarını içerdiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca taraftarların yaşadığı deneyimlerin stresi düşürdüğü ve psikolojik açıdan doyum yaşanmasına katkıda bulunduğu yönünde sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Küreselleşme ile birlikte toplumlarda yaşanan değişim ve dönüşümlerin futbol taraftarlarının deneyimleri ve taraftar kimliğini etkilediği çalışmada vurgulanan hususlar arasındadır.
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