Far-field imaging device: planar hyperlens with magnification using multi-layer metamaterial

Wang, Wei; Xing, Hui; Fang, Liang; Liu, Yao; Ma, Jiang; Liu, Lin; Wang, Changtao; Luo, Xiangang

doi:10.1364/oe.16.021142

Cited by 84 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Owing to its use of curved surfaces, the cylindrical hyperlens design may not be convenient for bio-imaging. Design of the planar hyperlens has been shown to be theoretically feasible via specific material dispersion based on transformation optics 31,32,37 . In such designs, the metamaterial properties are designed to bend light rays from subwavelength features in such a way as to form a resolvable image on a flat output plane.…”

Section: Physics Of the Hyperlensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

2012

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The resolution of conventional optical lens systems is always hampered by the diffraction limit. Recent developments in artificial metamaterials provide new avenues to build hyperlenses and metalenses that are able to image beyond the diffraction limit. Hyperlenses project super-resolution information to the far field through a magnification mechanism, whereas metalenses not only super-resolve subwavelength details but also enable optical Fourier transforms. Recently, there have been numerous designs for hyperlenses and metalenses, bringing fresh theoretical and experimental advances, though future directions and challenges remain to be overcome.O ptical microscopy has revolutionized many fields such as microelectronics, biology and medicine. However, the resolution of a conventional optical lens system is always limited by diffraction to about half the wavelength of light. This diffraction barrier arises from the fact that subwavelength information from an object is carried by high spatial-frequency evanescent waves, which only exist in the near field. To overcome this diffraction limit, pioneering work has been carried out, including near-field scanning microscopy 1 , as well as fluorescence-based imaging methods 2,3 . These scanning-or random sampling-based nonprojection techniques achieve super-resolving power by sacrificing imaging speed, making them uncompetitive for dynamic imaging.Lens-based projection imaging remains the best option for high-speed microscopy. Immersion techniques have been proposed to enhance resolution, but they are limited by the low refractive indices of natural materials 4 . Emerging within the last decade, the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials provide solutions for engineering extraordinary material properties not found in nature, such as negative index of refraction 5,6 or strongly anisotropic materials 7,8 . This has provided tremendous opportunities for novel lens designs with unprecedented resolution 9 . Initiated by Pendry's seminal concept of the perfect lens 10 , a number of superlenses were demonstrated with resolving powers beyond the diffraction limit [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . The optical superlens first achieved sub-diffraction-limited resolution by enhancing evanescent waves through a slab of silver 11 . As the evanescent-field enhancement is enabled by surface plasmon excitation, the subwavelength image is typically limited to the near field of the metal slab. However, the hyperlens-a metamaterial-based lens-can send super-resolution images into the far field by introducing a magnification mechanism. This has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for practical applications since its first demonstration in 2007 (refs 13,14). Recently, various other metamaterial-based lenses, that is, metalenses, have also been developed with both

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Section: Physics Of the Hyperlensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

2012

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“…For region II, only high spatial frequency components are allowed to pass, thus it behaves like a high‐pass or band‐pass filter for evanescent waves . For region IV, both evanescent and nonevanescent waves could pass, providing the possibility to form sub‐diffraction‐limited images of nano‐objects . According to the Fourier principle, a wider bandwidth in the spatial frequency would lead to a higher imaging resolution.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodologies for On‐Demand Dispersion Engineering of Waves in Metasurfaces

Guo

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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IntroductionMetasurfaces and surface waves are two booming research branches in modern optics and wave physics. As 2D counterparts of 3D metamaterials, metasurfaces have inherited many unusual properties of artificially structured metamaterials, e.g., negative refraction, super-resolution imaging, and invisibility. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Nevertheless, owing to the reduced dimension, metasurfaces are much easier to fabricate, thus providing possibilities to transform theoretical innovations to practical applications. [7,8] In principle, the mechanisms of light-matter interaction in metasurfaces are related to the exotic physical properties of surface waves on metasurfaces. There are many kinds of surface waves propagating along interfaces of two kinds of media, such as surface plasmons, Dyakonov, Bloch, and Tamm surface waves. [9,10] Surface plasmons require that one of the media has negative permittivity; Dyakonov surface waves require linear anisotropy of at least one of the media. Bloch and Tamm surface waves require periodic permittivity of one of the media truncated by the interface or along the interface. In this paper, we would like to highlight the Dispersion is one common yet critical property of all kinds of waves. It is related to the spatial and spectral evolution of waves in structured materials. This review gives a summary of the methodologies used for the on-demand dispersion engineering of waves in metasurfaces, which possess many unusual properties such as extremely short wavelength, diffraction-less directional propagation, and tunable phase shift, resulting in many exciting applications with performances beyond the limitations set by traditional geometric and physical optics. Since most metasurfaces could be continuously transformed from simple thin films, the methodologies proposed here are universal and may be applied to analyze and design various functional metasurfaces. Dispersion EngineeringWithout loss of generality, the geometry of almost all metasurfaces could be continuously transformed from simple thin films. The transformation process is illustrated in Figure 1. First, by stacking and bending multilayers, one obtain the superlens, planar hyperlens, and curved hyperlenses. [26][27][28] The hyperbolic dispersion in anisotropic metal-dielectric structures may lead to the formation of Dyakonov plasmons, which are similar to Dyakonov waves on anisotropic dielectric materials. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Second, a 90° rotation of the multilayer would result a 1D grating, which can be either periodic or gradient. Third,

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“…In contrast to coordinate transformation and conformal transformation theory to flat-to-flat planar superlens design [89][90][91], this type of truncated superlens can be used for near-field imaging, laser direct writing lithography, optical data storage, and so on. …”

Section: Far-field Superlens Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Super-Resolution Patterning and Photolithography Based on Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Liu

Duan

Peng

2013

Nanostructure Science and Technology

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With the developments of the nanoscale science and technology, the demand for fabrication of nanoscale patterns has been significantly increased. Photolithography has still been the most widely used microfabrication technique because of its ease of repetition, effective cost, and suitability for large-area fabrication. The diffraction limit, however, restricts single-exposure resolution to features with periods no smaller than half wavelength of the illuminating sources. To achieve nanometer feature sizes within the regime of diffraction physics, one straightforward method is to reduce the working wavelength by employing light sources of higher photon energy, such as extreme ultraviolet light (EUV), soft X-rays, or atomic wave packet [1][2][3][4]. The main drawbacks, however, are the drastic increase of complexity and cost for instrumentation and processing, including the developments of new sources, photoresist, and the optical components. Several alternative techniques, such as electron beam lithography [5][6][7][8][9], focused ion beam lithography [10][11][12][13][14], dip-pen lithography [15][16][17][18], and nanoimprint lithography [19][20][21][22], can also achieve nanoscale feature sizes; however, these methods require the introduction of a new infrastructure of tools, materials, and processing technologies, which costs huge expenses.Recently, a new photolithographic scheme, which is based on the unique properties of surface evanescent waves [23][24][25][26] or surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] induced at the interface between a metal and a dielectric material, to achieve sub-diffraction-limit nanopatterns was proposed and demonstrated. The wave vector of SPPs can be significantly larger than that of the free-space illuminating light at the same frequency, which results in extraordinary "optical frequency but X-ray wavelength" property. As a result, the resolution of this surface plasmon nanolithography can go far beyond the free-space diffraction limit of the light. Different versions of the implementation of the SPPs-based super-resolution nanolithography have been proposed and conducted both theoretically and experimentally in recent years, which all demonstrate that SPPs-based nanolithography has the potential to satisfy the requirements of high resolution, low cost, and high throughput simultaneously.

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Far-field imaging device: planar hyperlens with magnification using multi-layer metamaterial

Cited by 84 publications

References 22 publications

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

Hyperlenses and metalenses for far-field super-resolution imaging

Methodologies for On‐Demand Dispersion Engineering of Waves in Metasurfaces

Super-Resolution Patterning and Photolithography Based on Surface Plasmon Polaritons

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