Faradaic reactions in capacitive deionization (CDI) - problems and possibilities: A review

The relative insignificance of advanced materials in enhancing the energy efficiency of desalination technologies

“…[92][93][94] Pseudocapacitive electrode materials are defined by their use of ion intercalation as a method for ion removal-either as the sole mechanism or in conjunction with EDL-based ion capture. 86,[95][96][97][98][99] The CDI field has commonly used charge efficiency (moles of salt removed per moles of electrical charge supplied), salt adsorption capacity, and average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) as the primary metrics for assessing the performance of electrode materials. 10 However, these parameters are limited to the evaluation of CDI, and therefore are unsuitable for comparison with other technologies.…”

Dual‐Zinc Electrode Electrochemical Desalination

“…This technology can be used to achieve an ion capture capacity that is up to six times higher than conventional CDI . Various deionization designs based on the faradaic electrode reaction have been proposed, including rocking‐chair desalination, redox‐flow battery desalination, and some novel design desalination . These desalination devices operate by the use of individual capture/release of ions by two separate electrode materials.…”

Integrating Desalination and Energy Storage using a Saltwater‐based Hybrid Sodium‐ion Supercapacitor

“…Owing to the increasing scarcity of freshwater, many efforts have been made to develop highly efficient seawater desalination technologies . Currently, capacitive deionization (CDI), an electrochemical technology, is attracting a significant amount of attention because its energy consumption is much lower than other desalination technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), multi‐stage flash (MSF), and multi‐effect distillation (MED) .…”