Faradaic reactions’ mechanisms and parameters in charging of oils

Electrically driven toroidal Moffatt vortices: experimental observations

“…1985; Castellanos 1998; Sankaran et al . 2018). In the present case, a strong jet is directed away from the pin irrespective of the polarity (cf.…”

“…figure 1), which suggests that at −12 kV the faradaic reaction mechanism resulting in ion formation at the liquid–electrode interface is dominant (Sankaran et al . 2018). A characteristic faradaic reaction at the cathode-liquid interface can be written as (Castellanos 1998) where the species X from oil accepts an electron to form an anion with the same polarity as the cathode.…”

“…Note that such faradaic reactions have been termed ‘electrochemical injection’, ‘charge injection’, or ‘ion injection’ (Castellanos 1998; Sankaran et al . 2018).…”

“…Then, a strong submerged jet-like flow arises, which is always directed away from the electrode tip at any polarity because it is driven by the repulsive Coulomb bulk force, as shown in figure 1 (Sankaran et al . 2018). The rest of the liquid is practically uncharged and becomes entrained in the flow by viscous forces.…”

“…At a sufficiently high DC voltage at the pin electrode, neutral species in the liquid either accept an electron in contact with the cathode (a negative pin electrode) or lose an electron in contact with the anode (a positive pin electrode); hence, the liquid near the electrode tip acquires the same polarity as the electrode. Then, a strong submerged jet-like flow arises, which is always directed away from the electrode tip at any polarity because it is driven by the repulsive Coulomb bulk force, as shown in figure 1 (Sankaran et al 2018). The rest of the liquid is practically uncharged and becomes entrained in the flow by viscous forces.…”