Farewell to Bright-Line: A Guide to Reporting Quantitative Results Without the S-Word

Cummins, Kevin; Marks, Charles

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00815

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The pattern for stimulant-related diagnosis was not as well resolved in this study (Cummins & Marks, 2020;Kraemer, 2019). This is not consistent with the relationship between stimulant use and SMM observed in previous research, which identified an increased risk of SMM and maternal mortality after delivery (Hser et al, 2012;Jarlenski et al, 2020;Wolfe et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussion Principal Findingscontrasting

confidence: 95%

Association of alcohol and other substance‐related diagnoses with severe maternal morbidity

Courchesne

Smith

Zúñiga

et al. 2021

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Pregnant women with a substance-related diagnosis, such as an alcohol use disorder, are a vulnerable population that may experience higher rates of severe maternal morbidity, such as hemorrhage and eclampsia, than pregnant women with no substance-related diagnosis. Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed electronic health record data on women (aged 18-44 years) who delivered a single live birth or stillbirth at ≥ 20 weeks of gestation from March 1, 2016, to August 30, 2019. Women with and without a substance-related diagnosis were matched on key demographic characteristics, such as age, at a 1:1 ratio. Adjusting for these covariates, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Results: A total of 10,125 deliveries met the eligibility criteria for this study. In the matched cohort of 1,346 deliveries, 673 (50.0%) had a substance-related diagnosis, and 94 (7.0%) had severe maternal morbidity. The most common indicators in women with a substance-related diagnosis included hysterectomy (17.7%), eclampsia (15.8%), air and thrombotic embolism (11.1%), and conversion of cardiac rhythm (11.1%).Having a substance-related diagnosis was associated with severe maternal morbidity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.81 [95% CI, 1.14-2.88], p-value = 0.0126). In the independent matched cohorts by substance type, an alcohol-related diagnosis was significantly associated with severe maternal morbidity (adjusted odds ratio = 3.07 [95% CI, 1.58-5.95], p-value = 0.0009), while the patterns for stimulant-and nicotine-related diagnoses were not as well resolved with severe maternal morbidity and opioid-and cannabis-related diagnoses were not associated with severe maternal morbidity. Conclusion:We found that an alcohol-related diagnosis, although lowest in prevalence of the substance-related diagnoses, had the highest odds of severe maternal morbidity of any substance-related diagnosis assessed in this study. These findings reinforce the need to identify alcohol-related diagnoses in pregnant women early to minimize potential harm through intervention and treatment.

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Section: Discussion Principal Findingscontrasting

confidence: 95%

Association of alcohol and other substance‐related diagnoses with severe maternal morbidity

Courchesne

Smith

Zúñiga

et al. 2021

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…Binary logistic regressions were utilized to model each outcome variable using stepwise backward elimination to obtain a parsimonious model with predictive ability; all variables significant at the bivariate level were entered into the model, followed by the removal of the variable or set of dummy variables with the highest p -value in each progressive model. Models in which all variables, or at least one variable within a set of dummy variables, were significant at cutoffs of p < 0.10 and p < 0.05 [ 24 , 26 , 27 ] were presented given the potential for meaningfulness. Reporting of variables for such models follows the format: (Model 2; Model 3).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staying Home, Distancing, and Face Masks: COVID-19 Prevention among U.S. Women in The COPE Study

Anderson

Stockman

2020

IJERPH

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The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted United States residents. Prevention behaviors are critical to minimizing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S., to ultimately reduce the health, social, and economic burdens of COVID-19. Yet, health behavior decision-making is complex, and uptake of preventative behaviors has been variable. Women may provide pro-prevention behavior modeling to their networks, facilitating uptake diffusion. The COPE Study enrolled 491 women residing in the United States from May to June of 2020; women completed an online survey of COVID-19 experiences and prevention behaviors. We employed binary logistic modeling to identify factors predicting women’s practice of (1) staying home except for essential activities, (2) physical distancing in public, and (3) wearing a face mask in public. Findings demonstrate that women’s prevention behaviors are influenced by multilevel factors. Women living in urban environments, having minimal formal education, or having a household annual income of USD 30,000–50,000 are less likely to practice prevention behaviors. Cultural context may be an important factor in the decision-making process. Results aid in the identification what interventional “levers” may warrant consideration to promote uptake of such behaviors, and whom to engage. Because women are modelers of behavior, it is critical to engage them in prevention behavior interventions.

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“…Consistent with emerging statistical recommendations in the field calling for an end to reliance on bright-line significance testing, [30][31][32] we opt to report study findings by applying the postsignificance communication structure (POCS). 33 Instead of relying on null hypothesis significance testing to evaluate study findings, through POCS we make an evaluation of point estimates, CIs and corresponding p values in relation to the underlying scientific questions to make study conclusions. 33 As such, we consider p values as continuous rather than dichotomous variables and refrain from denoting significance based on a bright-line value, α.…”

Section: Results Evaluation Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 33 Instead of relying on null hypothesis significance testing to evaluate study findings, through POCS we make an evaluation of point estimates, CIs and corresponding p values in relation to the underlying scientific questions to make study conclusions. 33 As such, we consider p values as continuous rather than dichotomous variables and refrain from denoting significance based on a bright-line value, α.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of people who inject drugs in injection initiation events: a cross-sectional analysis identifying similarities and differences across three North American settings

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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ObjectivesPeople who inject drugs (PWID) play an integral role in facilitating the entry of others into injection drug use (IDU). We sought to assess factors influencing PWID in providing IDU initiation assistance across three distinct North American settings and to generate pooled measures of risk.DesignWe employed data from three PWID cohort studies participating in PReventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER), for this cross-sectional analysis.SettingTijuana, Mexico; San Diego, USA; Vancouver, Canada.ParticipantsA total of 2944 participants were included in this study (Tijuana: n=766, San Diego: n=353, Vancouver: n=1825).MeasurementsThe outcome was defined as recently (ie, past 6 months) assisting in an IDU initiation event. Independent variables of interest were identified from previous PRIMER analyses. Site-specific multiple modified Poisson regressions were fit. Pooled relative risks (pRR) were calculated and heterogeneity across sites was assessed via linear random effects models.ResultsEvidence across all three sites indicated that having a history of providing IDU initiation assistance (pRR: 4.83, 95% CI: 3.49 to 6.66) and recently being stopped by law enforcement (pRR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.07) were associated with a higher risk of providing assistance with IDU initiation; while recent opioid agonist treatment (OAT) enrolment (pRR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.96) and no recent IDU (pRR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.64) were associated with a lower risk. We identified substantial differences across site in the association of age (I2: 52%), recent housing insecurity (I2: 39%) and recent non-injection heroin use (I2: 78%).ConclusionWe identified common and site-specific factors related to PWID’s risk of assisting in IDU initiation events. Individuals reporting a history of assisting IDU initiations, being recently stopped by law enforcement, and recently injecting methamphetamine/speedball were more likely to have recently assisted an IDU initiation. Whereas those who reported not recently engaging in IDU and those recently enrolled in OAT were less likely to have done so. Interventions and harm reduction strategies aimed at reducing the harms of IDU should incorporate context-specific approaches to reduce the initiation of IDU.

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Farewell to Bright-Line: A Guide to Reporting Quantitative Results Without the S-Word

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Association of alcohol and other substance‐related diagnoses with severe maternal morbidity

Association of alcohol and other substance‐related diagnoses with severe maternal morbidity

Staying Home, Distancing, and Face Masks: COVID-19 Prevention among U.S. Women in The COPE Study

Involvement of people who inject drugs in injection initiation events: a cross-sectional analysis identifying similarities and differences across three North American settings

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