Farmers’ Adaptive Strategies in Balancing Commercial Farming and Consumption of Nutritious Foods: Case Study of Myanmar

Abstract

Food systems undergo rapid changes in response to economic and market forces, and environmental and dietary changes. This study aimed to disentangle adaptation strategies in farm households balancing interests in the commercial aspects of farming and the consumption of nutritious foods. The area of interest was Central Myanmar, Pakokku region. A literature-based framework was used to identify entry points for adaptation strategies at the farm household level. A purposive sampling strategy was used to select smallholders (<5 acres), engaged in market-oriented agriculture (≥10 years). In 14 households, in-depth interviews were conducted, using a life course perspective depicting the household history in relation to agricultural developments and household food and nutrition security. The narratives of smallholders confirmed that household food and nutrition security was grounded in mixed livelihood strategies, including migration. Diet quality depended largely on income. Supportive strategies were a frugal lifestyle, responsible use of resources, participation in community activities, and different forms of social innovation. The study shows how the understanding of local diets provides insights in entry points for nutrition-sensitive agriculture, and suggests a need for alternative adaptation strategies, replacing those promoting specialization and intensification, for more holistic solutions that reinforce the flexibility and resilience of farmers.

Women’s empowerment and gender equality in agricultural value chains: evidence from four countries in Asia and Africa

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Rise from the ashes! Resilience patterns in Patagonia pastoralist communities

“…Social networks are known to moderate the impacts of climatic and geophysical hazards (e.g., Adger, 2003; Sadri et al, 2018). For example, family ties were the main network providing households with material support and a sense of belonging in Myanmar (Herens et al, 2018), and close ties of social capital was crucial for the immediate support of families after Hurricane Katrina in USA (Hawkins & Maurer, 2010). In dryland livestock systems worldwide, social networks and social capital are key strategies to risk management, working as financial buffers, supporting dynamic resource use (as forage), and supporting mobility and stocking rate adjustments (Espeland et al, 2020).…”