Farmers’ perspective towards climate change vulnerability, risk perceptions, and adaptation measures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Shah, Ashfaq Ahmad; Khan, Nasir Abbas; Gong, Zaiwu; Ahmad, Ishfaq; Naqvi, Syed Asif Ali; Ullah, Wahid; Karmaoui, A.

doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04077-z

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Farmers obtaining information must be from authentic source and timely, especially to farmers who work to produce food for themselves and urban dwellers. Similar analysis was reported by [27] which revealed that the farmers' experience, education, land area, credit, and climatic information from the relevant source were important factors that influenced farm household adaptation to climate change. Spearman's rank correlation (shown in Table 9) was computed to assess the relationship between house food diversity index and climate change.…”

Section: Climate Changesupporting

confidence: 80%

Household Food Diversity and Food Habits in Changing Climate of Western Bhutan

Chapagai,

Katel,

Penjor

2023

IJECC

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Household food diversity index (HFDI) is qualitative measure of food consumption that reflects household access to a variety of food groups. Food habit is the way people eat food which is influenced by various factors. Impacts of climate change poses a threat on food diversity and food habit and food security in agrarian Bhutanese. The study aims to analyze if household food diversity and food habits are affected by climate change in the three ecological zones. Household food diversity and food habits in Gasa, Punakha and Wangdue Phodrang districts (Dzongkhags) were compared and relationships were drawn. Household level data were collected using survey method from 368 randomly selected households, stratified into three agroecological zones, by administering pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The survey questions were designed using guidelines of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Food components consumed in the last 24 hours were recorded and grouped into 10 food groups. Food diversity indices are computed at the levels of household, Chiwog (village), Gewog (block), Dzongkhag (district), and at the whole study area. Spearman’s correlation tests were used to evaluate relationship between household food diversity Index (HFDI) and Food habit with Climate Change and Elevation. Kruskal Wallis tests ascertained association among the same four sets of variables with three Dzongkhag (district) as independent variable. In both sets of tests, the relationships were statistically significant. Climate change is affecting food diversity and food habits in the three agroecological zones. Introducing mass potato cultivation in Gasa, less water intensive rice variety in Punakha, and high yielding Jersey cows for dairy are recommended for food diversity enhancement in the study areas. Preserving traditional food culture like Aoolay from Gasa, and conserving biodiversity will contribute to mitigate impacts of climate change on food habits to achieve food security.

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Section: Climate Changesupporting

confidence: 80%

Household Food Diversity and Food Habits in Changing Climate of Western Bhutan

Chapagai,

Katel,

Penjor

2023

IJECC

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“…The agricultural sector has had to adjust to climate change by effectively managing available resources (Liu et al 2022) and utilizing predictive data to prepare for extreme weather events (Brunner et al 2021). Various ways to adapt have been demonstrated through technological advancements and human ingenuity (Gardezi and Arbuckle 2020), government initiatives and programs, financial support, and extension services (Batung et al 2023), improvements in crop production techniques (Shah et al 2023), and gaining information, expertise, and abilities (Williams et al 2022). Strategies can differ based on intention (independent or self-directed), duration (short-or long-term), type and level of engagement (individual or community, local or global), and nature (technical, behavioural, financial, and institutional), whether they are applied before or after severe weather events (Hou et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting farmers’ heterogeneity to enrich climate change adaptation policy design: findings from northern Italy

Ricart,

Gandolfi,

Castelletti

2024

Environ. Res.: Climate

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With its scientifically proven effects and widespread acceptance, climate change stands as one of the most pressing and intricate challenges for society and economies. Farmers are on the frontline of managing climate change. Therefore, how they perceive and respond to climate change shapes their risk assessment and structures future resilience and adaptive capacity. Employing a bottom-up approach, we conducted 460 surveys randomly among farmers throughout the Lombardy region in northern Italy. A triple-loop approach considering climate change awareness, perceived impacts, and adaptation measures and barriers was implemented to characterize the potential heterogeneity of farmer behaviour and explore whether risk attitudes and adaptation actions differ between farmer profiles. We then profiled farmers through a clustering analysis. Four groups emerged, highlighting farmers’ adaptation preferences and risk attitudes: 1) cropping-adapted and isolated farmers, 2) cooperation-adapted and insecure farmers, 3) risk insurance-adapted and confident farmers, and 4) climate services-adapted and aware farmers. Although the groups vary in terms of farmers’ characterization and farming activities (e.g., young and highly educated vs. old and highly experienced farmers, rainfed vs. irrigated farms), similar patterns were observed regarding climate change awareness and perceived impacts – however, the contrast increased in terms of adaptation measures and barriers. Gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse ways in which farmers assess risks and adapt can promote the transferability of bottom-up findings and inform the co-design of tailored and flexible adaptation instruments, minimizing the risk of maladaptation or ineffective transformation in the face of climate change.

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“…Usman et al [ 27 ] found that farmers’ adaptation strategies, such as management of crop variety, soil and irrigation water, diversification of agriculture production systems, and management of fertilizer and farm operations time, are shaped by various factors, including education, household size, off-farm income, remittances, credit access, and access to information about climatic and natural hazards. Shah et al [ 28 ] measured the vulnerability and adaptation of farmers in the KP province of Pakistan. They suggested that farmers' vulnerability to climate change can be modulated by improving their adaptation to crop farming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the growing literature on these on-farm adaptation measures, the existing research has not focused much on off-farm adaptation strategies or livelihood adaptation. Especially in Pakistan, where no existing research (besides Shah et al's [ 28 ] study in KP province in Pakistan) explores the rural household's livelihood adaptation to climate change, especially in Punjab province, which is the major agricultural region most vulnerable to climate change. Further, recent studies in other provinces did not analyze livelihood adaptation strategies and their drivers [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural households' livelihood adaptation strategies in the face of changing climate: A case study from Pakistan

Khan,

Shah,

Chowdhury

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Farmers’ perspective towards climate change vulnerability, risk perceptions, and adaptation measures in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Cited by 20 publications

References 68 publications

Household Food Diversity and Food Habits in Changing Climate of Western Bhutan

Household Food Diversity and Food Habits in Changing Climate of Western Bhutan

Targeting farmers’ heterogeneity to enrich climate change adaptation policy design: findings from northern Italy

Rural households' livelihood adaptation strategies in the face of changing climate: A case study from Pakistan

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