Farming System for Nutrition-a pathway to dietary diversity: Evidence from India

Abstract

Farming is the main livelihood of a majority of people in India. The country is also home to a large population of undernourished people. This indicates potential for mainstreaming the nutrition dimension in the farming system to impact on nutrition outcomes. A Farming System for Nutrition (FSN) study was conducted in two agro-ecologically different locations from 2013–2018, to explore the feasibility of nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions. The baseline survey in 2013–2014 revealed that the population in the study area was largely undernourished and that household diets were cereal-dominated. The FSN model was designed in consultation with community members, to increase availability of nutrient-dense cereals and pulses, by enhancing production and crop diversification at the farm level, promoting cultivation of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables in nutrition gardens and supporting interventions to promote access to animal foods. Nutrition awareness initiatives were undertaken to build capacity at the local level and translate production diversity to consumption diversity. An endline survey was conducted in 2017 (July-October), following three years of intervention. Crop, vegetable and animal food production and food consumption was compared with the baseline data. There was evidence of higher production and consumption of nutrient rich foods, improved household dietary diversity; and understanding and acceptance of nutrition-sensitive agriculture. The number of items consumed under each food group, frequency of consumption of food and average per capita intake of nutrient-rich foods were found to have improved. The results provide evidence regarding feasibility of location-specific FSN models to promote sustainable and healthy diets, using locally available plant and animal food resources, to address nutrition deficiencies in farm families.

Dietary diversity as a sustainable approach towards micronutrient deficiencies in India

“…Nutrition-sensitive agriculture : Conventional farming, which usually involves growing staple food crops, focuses on food security, productivity and profitability which results in disconnection between agricultural output and human nutrition 120 . This can reduce and perpetuate nutritional imbalances including MNDs 120 .…”

“…Nutrition-sensitive agriculture : Conventional farming, which usually involves growing staple food crops, focuses on food security, productivity and profitability which results in disconnection between agricultural output and human nutrition 120 . This can reduce and perpetuate nutritional imbalances including MNDs 120 . Nutrition-sensitive agriculture, on the other hand, involves the promotion of production diversity, micronutrient-rich crops and rearing of dairy and small animals, leading to nutrition security 120 .…”

“…This can reduce and perpetuate nutritional imbalances including MNDs 120 . Nutrition-sensitive agriculture, on the other hand, involves the promotion of production diversity, micronutrient-rich crops and rearing of dairy and small animals, leading to nutrition security 120 . Evidence suggests that nutrition-sensitive agriculture can improve DD and nutrition outcomes 121 .…”

“…Farming System for Nutrition (FSN) Study : The FSN study under the programme ‘Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition in South Asia’ demonstrates how nutrition-sensitive agriculture can contribute to DD and better nutritional status 120 . To explore the feasibility of nutrition-sensitive agriculture, the FSN study was undertaken during 2013-2014 and 2017-2018 at two agro-ecologically different regions of India: Koraput district of Odisha State and Wardha district of Maharashtra 120 . During the baseline assessment, populations in the studied areas were found to be undernourished and dependent on cereal-dominated diets.…”

“…During the baseline assessment, populations in the studied areas were found to be undernourished and dependent on cereal-dominated diets. As a part of the intervention, crop diversification was promoted at the farm level (whereby cultivation of nutrient-dense cereals and pulses were encouraged), nutrition gardens were promoted at households and capacity building initiatives (in terms of nutrition awareness) were taken up at local levels 120 . By the end line assessment, an improvement in production and consumption of nutrient food, household dietary diversity and awareness regarding balanced diet and health as well as nutrition-sensitive agriculture was noted 120 .…”