Farmyard manure, a potential organic additive to reclaim copper and Macrophomina phaseolina stress responses in mash bean plants

Abstract

In the era of global warming, stress combinations instead of individual stress are realistic threats faced by plants that can alter or trigger a wide range of plant responses. In the current study, the cumulative effect of charcoal rot disease caused by notorious fungal pathogen viz., Macrophomina phaseolina was investigated under toxic levels of copper (Cu) in mash bean, and farmyard manure (FYM) was employed to manage stress. Therefore, Cu-spiked soil (50 and 100 mg/kg) was inoculated with the pathogen, and amended with 2% FYM, to assess the effect of intricate interactions on mash bean plants through pot experiments. Results demonstrated that the individual stress of the pathogen or Cu was more severe for morpho-growth, physio-biochemical, and expression profiles of stress-related genes and total protein in mash bean plants as compared to stress combinations. Under single Cu stress, a significant amount of Cu accumulated in plant tissues, particularly in roots than in upper ground tissues, while, under stress combination less Cu accumulated in the plants. Nonetheless, 2% FYM in soil encountered the negative effect of stress responses provoked by the pathogen, Cu, or both by improving health markers (photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugar, total phenolics) and oxidative stress markers (catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase), together with regulating the expression of stress-related genes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and cytokinin-resistant genes), and proteins, besides decreasing Cu uptake in the plants. FYM worked better at lower concentrations (50 mg/kg) of Cu than at higher ones (100 mg/kg), hence could be used as a suitable option for better growth, yield, and crop performance under charcoal rot disease stress in Cu-contaminated soils.

Research Progress on Plant Responses to Stress Combinations in the Context of Climate Change

“…Stress combinations describe the simultaneous exposure of plants to two or more stresses [ 11 , 12 ]. In the past, stress combinations were defined as simple combinations of two or at most three different stresses, and extensive research has been conducted in this realm [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Given the escalating environmental complexity arising from heightened levels of various pollutants and erratic weather patterns due to climate change, studies indicate a substantial decline in plant growth and survival even when each stressor is at a relatively low level, as the number of stressors amplifies their effects [ 14 ].…”