“…Since the first report of TCBZ resistance (in Australia, by Overend and Bowen, 1995), further well-documented reports have identified resistance in Australia (Walker et al, 2004;Brockwell et al, 2014), in South America (Olaechea et al, 2011;Ortiz et al, 2013) and in a number of European countries, including The Netherlands, UK and Ireland (e.g. Coles et al, 2000;Gaasenbeek et al, 2001;Flanagan, 2010;Mooney et al, 2009;Gordon et al, 2012;Hanna et al, 2015). Taken on its own, the existence of TCBZ resistance in diverse areas of the World is a matter of considerable concern and represents a challenge to management strategies in the future.…”