“…The capacity of catalysis in water remediation was essential in removing persistent contaminants which are strongly resistant chemical to biodegradation 35,36 . Accordingly, the high efficacy of Fenton oxidation makes it a practical approach to the removal of pharmaceutical effluents, apart from the generation of iron sludge 22,37,38 .…”
The recognition of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in the past years as a high prospect material has been prominent, but the impractical cellulose extraction method from biomass remained as a technological barrier for industrial practice. In this study, the telescopic approach on the fractionation of lignin and cellulose was performed by organosolv extraction and catalytic oxidation from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. The integration of these techniques managed to synthesize CNF in a short time. Aside from the size, the zeta potential of CNF was measured at −41.9 mV, which allow higher stability of the cellulose in water suspension. The stability of CNF facilitated a better dispersion of Fe(0) nanoparticles with the average diameter size of 52.3–73.24 nm through the formulation of CNF/Fe(0). The total uptake capacity of CNF towards 5-fluorouracil was calculated at 0.123 mg/g. While the synergistic reactions of adsorption-oxidation were significantly improved the removal efficacy three to four times greater even at a high concentration of 5-fluorouracil. Alternatively, the sludge generation after the oxidation reaction was completely managed by the encapsulation of Fe(0) nanoparticles in regenerated cellulose.
“…The capacity of catalysis in water remediation was essential in removing persistent contaminants which are strongly resistant chemical to biodegradation 35,36 . Accordingly, the high efficacy of Fenton oxidation makes it a practical approach to the removal of pharmaceutical effluents, apart from the generation of iron sludge 22,37,38 .…”
The recognition of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in the past years as a high prospect material has been prominent, but the impractical cellulose extraction method from biomass remained as a technological barrier for industrial practice. In this study, the telescopic approach on the fractionation of lignin and cellulose was performed by organosolv extraction and catalytic oxidation from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. The integration of these techniques managed to synthesize CNF in a short time. Aside from the size, the zeta potential of CNF was measured at −41.9 mV, which allow higher stability of the cellulose in water suspension. The stability of CNF facilitated a better dispersion of Fe(0) nanoparticles with the average diameter size of 52.3–73.24 nm through the formulation of CNF/Fe(0). The total uptake capacity of CNF towards 5-fluorouracil was calculated at 0.123 mg/g. While the synergistic reactions of adsorption-oxidation were significantly improved the removal efficacy three to four times greater even at a high concentration of 5-fluorouracil. Alternatively, the sludge generation after the oxidation reaction was completely managed by the encapsulation of Fe(0) nanoparticles in regenerated cellulose.
“…2 where the fluorescent response of 7—HC at 456 nm (after excitation at 332 nm) can be seen to increase during the first 10 min of polarization. After that period of time, the • OH radical related response falls sharply, probably as a consequence of the accumulation and subsequent reduction of H 2 O 2 at the cathode surface and the scavenging effect of Fe(III) [ 40 , 41 ]. Fig.…”
“…The most characteristic feature is the cathodic H2O2 electrogeneration from the two-electron reduction of injected O2 at Fenton's optimum pH ≈ 3. Suitable cathodes for H2O2 production are carbon felt [34][35][36][37] and carbon-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated on airdiffusion substrates [38][39][40][41]. The PEF process involves additional illumination of the solution with UVA light (λ = 365 nm), producing • OH from the photoreduction of Fe(OH) 2+ , the photoactive species of aqueous Fe(III) ion, by reaction (5).…”
This study is focused on the disinfection of raw dairy wastewater by means of a sequential treatment including an electrocoagulation (EC) step with an Fe|Fe cell followed by electro-Fenton (EF) or UVA-assisted photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). The two latter methods were run with an air-diffusion cathode for H2O2 generation and either a boron-doped diamond (BDD) or a RuO2-based anode. The inactivation of heterotrophic and lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci was assessed. Low removal of organic load was found in all cases, whereas the bacteria were poorly removed by the flocs formed in EC but largely inactivated in EF and PEF. EF was also advantageous because it prevented the formation of harmful sludge containing active bacteria, in contrast to EC. Heterotrophs were the most stable bacteria, whereas the others were totally inactivated in most cases. In the sequential EC/EF process involving a BDD anode in the latter step, the inactivation rate for the lactic acid bacteria was higher at circumneutral pH, due to the great ability of produced active chlorine to oxidize the molecules of the cell walls. The use of a RuO2-based anode also led to a quick inactivation at pH 3.0. A better performance was achieved when PEF replaced EF, regardless of the anode, owing to the enhanced bacterial inactivation by UVA radiation. The raw dairy wastewater at natural pH 5.7 treated by single EF step with a RuO2-anode also yielded a faster removal of lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci as compared to BDD, always remaining small contents of active heterotrophs in solution.
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