In the present scenario, green nanomaterials and nanocomposites have been developed and utilized for environmental applications. They can minimize adverse environmental impacts with enhanced eco-friendliness, sustainability, and applicability, and are the eco-friendly solutions in regards the need of current era. Green polymer nanocomposites, generated from the renewable sources (i.e., animals, plants, and microbes) have received a great attention for various environmental applications to maintain sustainable world. There are many varieties of CBNs have been synthesized and nanotechnology in particular has wide applications including wastewater treatment due to their high surface-to-volume, functionalization, and ecofriendly nature. This review highlights the aspects of cellulose-based nanomaterials (CBNs) for pollutant remediation from wastewater.