Fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of sludge at different severities: Reaction products, pathways, and kinetics

Qian, Lili; Wang, Shuzhong; Savage, Phillip E.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114312

Cited by 82 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The rapidly reduced yield of hydrochar probably resulted from cell rupture and hydrolysis of PS that occurred within several minutes at 300 °C. The hydrochar yield remained constant near the end (10.8 wt%) when it reached the ash content in the feedstock (10.3 wt%) (Qian et al, 2020). Tasca et al (2019) suggested that condensation of a carbonaceous matrix occurred at higher reaction severity (i.e., higher reaction temperature and residence time), while lower severity did not favor the formation of highly condensed aromatic structure.…”

Section: Process Parameters Governing Hydrocharmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hydrochar derived from municipal sludge through hydrothermal processing: A critical review on its formation, characterization, and valorization

et al. 2021

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Section: Process Parameters Governing Hydrocharmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A previous study noted that lower hydrochar yields and higher syngas yields with the intensified reaction severity when temperature increased from 170 °C to 500 °C for HTP of DS (Ekpo et al, 2016). Qian et al (2020) studied HTL of primary sludge at various severities.…”

Section: Process Parameters Governing Hydrocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochar derived from municipal sludge through hydrothermal processing: A critical review on its formation, characterization, and valorization

et al. 2021

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“…During HTC and HTL processing of biomass, a general trend is often seen such as first a depolymerization of the biomass, then decomposition of the biomass by cleavage, dehydration, decarboxylation, or deamination and finally reaction of reactive fragments [7,8]. Thus, during hydrothermal conversion, biomass releases some oxygen through dehydration (water molecule released) or decarboxylation (carbon dioxide released).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biobased bitumen analogue formation during hydrothermal treatment of microalgae residues, part 2: Influence of residence time on reaction products

Rolland

Sarda

Colomines

et al. 2020

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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The hydrothermal conversion of industrial Spirulina sp. residues at 260 °C under autogenous pressure is investigated. This second part of the study, focuses on the influence of the residence time on the final reaction products. The hydrophobic phase obtained after 60 min.at 260 °C has a rheological behaviour similar to that of an elastomeric bio-binder. Removal of solid residues from the hydrophobic fraction by filtration leads to a pure conventional bitumenlike material pointing out their strong influence on rheology. The investigation of lower and larger residence times suggests that bio-bitumen formation first involves the formation of biochar by hydrothermal carbonization during heating of the reactor to 260 °C followed by hydrothermal liquefaction during the isothermal plateau.

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“…In addition, some essential nutrients (N, P, and K) can be separated and reused. [104] Although HTL can handle biomass from a variety of microorganisms, most of the reports on HTL involve microalgae.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Liquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Microorganisms: A Review

Chen

Nie

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

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As societies develop and industrialize, sources of energy such as natural gas, coal, and oil become increasingly important in daily life. Among all forms of energy, fossil fuels are the most important, being primary sources of energy, [1] and, given their high heating value and therefore high efficiency, indispensable to heating, transport, and manufacturing operations. Fossil fuels most frequently seen in daily life are oil, coal, and natural gas. In 2019, total fossil energy consumption in the world was 492.34 exajoules (1 exajoule ¼ 10 18 J), accounting for 84.3% of the total energy. [2] Global demand for fossil fuels is predicted to increase to 19.08 billion liters a day by 2040. [3] However, fossil fuels are nonrenewable, and their use is also associated with many other problems such as air pollution, global warming, and unsustainable development. By 2030, the concentration of the greenhouse gas CO 2 is predicted to increase by 80% of the level in 2007, [4] which will contribute a great deal to global warming. These considerations make it essential for researchers to find alternatives to fossil fuels.The USA Energy Independence and Security Act declared that 136.27 billion liters of renewable fuel will be produced by 2022 in USA, including 3.78 billion liters of biodiesel, 60.56 billion liters of cellulosic biofuels, and 56.78 billion liters of maizebased ethanol. [5] Among all the suitable replacements, biofuels have the highest potential, because they can use waste material as feedstock, and they are renewable. In 2019, world production of biofuels was 111.83 million liters of oil equivalent per day, and the growth rate was 5.1% more than that in 2018. [6] Biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, biohydrogen, etc. [7] Forest waste, waste cooking oil, and similar materials can be used for producing biodiesel. In recent decades, microorganisms have been tested for their suitability as feedstock to produce biodiesel, and have proved more advantageous than other materials. The properties of biodiesel are similar to, and in some cases better than, those of diesel. For example, biodiesel has a higher cetane number, a higher flash point, and almost no sulfur, unlike diesel. When used in engines, biodiesel emits smaller quantities of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. [8] In addition, biodiesel can be mixed with fossil diesel in any proportion. Biodiesel is the predominant biofuel in Europe and the Asia Pacific and accounted for 81% and 74% of the total biofuels, respectively, used in these regions in 2019. [2] World production of biofuels from 1999 to 2019 is shown in Figure 1, and 2 shows the production of ethanol and biodiesel in 2009 and 2019.However, many external and internal facts hinder the development of biodiesel. For example, biodiesel is less competitive than diesel in terms of price and also inferior to diesel in some ways; the oxygen content of biodiesel lowers its heat value; and some forms of biodiesel also emit larger quantities of particulate matter (PM) and NO x . These drawbacks mus...

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Fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of sludge at different severities: Reaction products, pathways, and kinetics

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

Hydrochar derived from municipal sludge through hydrothermal processing: A critical review on its formation, characterization, and valorization

Hydrochar derived from municipal sludge through hydrothermal processing: A critical review on its formation, characterization, and valorization

Biobased bitumen analogue formation during hydrothermal treatment of microalgae residues, part 2: Influence of residence time on reaction products

Biodiesel from Microorganisms: A Review

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