An association rule mining algorithm is an algorithm that mines the association between things and is often used to mine the association knowledge between things. Association rule mining algorithms can find potential connections between different qualities of college students from the data of college students’ life and learning, which can help teachers discover the problems and their own strengths of different students and achieve teaching according to their aptitude. The purpose of this paper is to solve some problems related to the associative rule extraction algorithm and to investigate the impact of applying the associative rule extraction algorithm in a college student quality assessment system. Based on the algorithm, a quality assessment system for college students has been developed. A modified script-based associative rule extraction algorithm is used to find the correlation between the quality and the ability of college students. The quality assessment data of college students are analyzed and studied. The results show that the use of associative rule extraction algorithms to assess the quality and ability of college students can improve the efficiency of the test by 24% and the accuracy of the test score by 33% and reduce the probability of outliers in the scoring process by 27%. It can be seen that the association rule extraction algorithm can be applied to college students’ quality assessment system and also reduces the probability of encountering obstacles in accuracy and performance assessment. At the same time, this experiment also proves the robustness and feasibility of the algorithm in this paper.