Fast frequency control ancillary services: An international review

Fernández-Muñoz, Daniel; Pérez‐Díaz, Juan I.; Guisández, Ignacio; Chazarra, Manuel; Fernández-Espina, Álvaro

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109662

Cited by 78 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…ERCOT appears to be the only ISO in North America that is implementing an ancillary service product specifically intended to provide primary frequency control, namely the RRS product [7], [8]. For this reason ERCOT is on the forefront of developing such an ancillary service product.…”

Section: General Notation V Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, some ISOs under FERC jurisdiction have recently considered the introduction of ancillary service products that provide primary frequency control as exemplified in the California Independent System Operator's policy initiatives catalog [10]. Although no ISO under FERC jurisdiction has introduced such a product in practice, some have introduced new ancillary services products pertaining to fast secondary frequency control [3], [8].…”

Section: General Notation V Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control

García

Baldick

2022

IEEE Trans. Power Syst.

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As renewable energy penetration increases and system inertia levels drop, primary frequency control is becoming a critical concern in relatively small interconnections such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). To address this problem ERCOT is implementing a number of market rule changes including the introduction of a new Fast Frequency Response (FFR) reserve type to the electricity market. This FFR reserve type aims to help the traditional Primary Frequency Response (PFR) reserve type in arresting frequency decline in the event of a large generator outage. This paper derives reserve requirements to ensure sufficient reserve to arrest frequency decline before reaching the critical frequency threshold while coupling PFR reserve, FFR reserve, and system inertia. The general reserve requirement places limits on the amount of PFR reserve that can be provided by each unit based on its ramping capabilities. Two such limits are derived from first principles and another is proposed that is capable of accommodating the equivalency ratio introduced in previous work. These PFR reserve limits also provide first principles insight into equivalency ratios, which have only been studied empirically in the past. Highlevel insights are provided on a large Texas test case.

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Section: General Notation V Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Notation V Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control

García

Baldick

2022

IEEE Trans. Power Syst.

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“…In (3), the constant a represents the droop slope and the constant b represents a dead-band for activating the response. Finally, the available PFR response is calculated using the unit megawatt rating and (3), which is shown in (7).…”

Section: A Primary Frequency Response (Pfr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this situation, a fast response reserve (FRR) that responds within one second is urgently needed [4]. Several BAs, such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, the Australian Energy Market Operator, and the Taiwan Power Company (TPC), are developing FRR commodities in the ancillary service market [5][6][7]. The rising demand for FRRs has also increased interest in FRR-related problems [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Supervised Learning Scheme for Evaluating Frequency Nadir and Fast Response Reserve in Ancillary Service Market

Chiu

Chang-Chien

2021

IEEE Access

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Power system operators evaluate the frequency security of the system by predicting the frequency nadir, which is assumed to indicate the impact of a sudden loss of a generating resource. Recently, frequency nadir prediction has become more challenging because renewables have penetrated and significantly changed the generation portfolio within the system. Conventionally, the frequency nadir is determined using a frequency response model where the features-load damping, system inertia, and effective governor response-are assumed to be known. However, these key features are not easily obtained in a power system that continuously changes during daily operation. This study proposes a supervised learning scheme that traces these key features. It also proposes a new feature-the power gap rate-that better reflects the influence of the load on the system frequency than that of the load damping. Feature importance recognition and the construction of a frequency nadir model (FNM) are realized using the proposed supervised learning scheme. The proposed FNM achieved 54% higher accuracy than the conventional method. Finally, the FNM is implemented in a planning process that quantifies the capacity of the fast responsive reserve (FRR). In two renewable penetration cases, the proposed FRR procurement successfully secured the frequency nadir above the security criterion.

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“…Several transmission system operators (e.g. EirGrid in Ireland and National Grid in Great Britain) have already established fast frequency reserve (FFR) provision programs to support system stability in times of low inertia and allow for demand‐response contribution [4]. To date, 20% of FFR in Ireland are provided by demand‐side units [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of variable‐speed refrigeration for fast‐frequency control in low‐inertia systems

et al. 2020

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In modern power systems, shiftable loads contribute to the flexibility needed to increase robustness and ensure security. Thermal loads are among the most promising candidates for providing such service due to the large thermal storage time constants. This study demonstrates the use of variable-speed refrigeration (VSR) technology, based on brushless DC motors, for the fast-frequency response. First, the authors derive a detailed dynamic model of a single-phase VSR unit suitable for time-domain and small-signal stability analysis in low-inertia systems. For analysing dynamic interactions with the grid, they consider the aggregated response of multiple devices. However, the high computational cost involved in analysing large-scale systems leads to the need for reduced-order models. Thus, a set of reduced-order models is derived through transfer function fitting of data obtained from time-domain simulations of the detailed model. The modelling requirements and the accuracy versus computational complexity trade-off are discussed. Finally, the time-domain performance and frequency-domain analyses reveal substantial equivalence between the full-and suitable reduced-order models, allowing the application of simplified models in large-scale system studies.

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Fast frequency control ancillary services: An international review

Cited by 78 publications

References 21 publications

Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control

Requirements for Interdependent Reserve Types Providing Primary Frequency Control

A Supervised Learning Scheme for Evaluating Frequency Nadir and Fast Response Reserve in Ancillary Service Market

Modelling of variable‐speed refrigeration for fast‐frequency control in low‐inertia systems

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