“…The concept of phase-sensitive detection has been improved by implementing a two-phase blocking system, which enables vector tracking [ 21 ]. The lock-in device is present in different research laboratories with different purposes, such as the characterization of electrical impedance [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], biosensor [ 30 , 31 , 32 ] and optical spectroscopy [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. The development of portable lock-in amplifiers are carried out via analog circuits, microcontrollers, FPGA, or a combination of these technologies, with SNR results between and dB [ 40 , 41 ].…”