Fast photoacoustic imaging systems using pulsed laser diodes: a review

Upputuri, Paul Kumar; Pramanik, Manojit

doi:10.1007/s13534-018-0060-9

Cited by 78 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…This had made the laser system expensive, bulky, and very inefficient (20% to 30% efficiency is the best we can achieve in terms of the final laser output). Recently, pulsed laser diodes 57,[90][91][92][93][94] and light-emitting diodes [95][96][97][98][99][100] were reported as alternative sources for PAT in the NIR-I window; however, they provide low-energy pulses compared to traditional lasers (few mJ per pulse versus hundreds of mJ) and hence were not ideal for deep-tissue imaging. Another drawback of NIR-I window imaging was the low maximum permissible exposure (MPE), which was directly related to the penetration depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoacoustic imaging in the second near-infrared window: a review

2019

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Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging medical imaging modality that combines optical excitation and ultrasound detection. Because ultrasound scatters much less than light in biological tissues, PA generates high-resolution images at centimeters depth. In recent years, wavelengths in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window (1000 to 1700 nm) have been increasingly explored due to its potential for preclinical and clinical applications. In contrast to the conventional PA imaging in the visible (400 to 700 nm) and the first NIR-I (700 to 1000 nm) window, PA imaging in the NIR-II window offers numerous advantages, including high spatial resolution, deeper penetration depth, reduced optical absorption, and tissue scattering. Moreover, the second window allows a fivefold higher light excitation energy density compared to the visible window for enhancing the imaging depth significantly. We highlight the importance of the second window for PA imaging and discuss the various NIR-II PA imaging systems and contrast agents with strong absorption in the NIR-II spectral region. Numerous applications of NIR-II PA imaging, including whole-body animal imaging and human imaging, are also discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoacoustic imaging in the second near-infrared window: a review

2019

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“…In recent years, pulsed laser diode (PLD) has been gaining attention as an excitation source for PAT imaging systems. It is due to its lower cost, compact size and high repetition rate in comparison with the traditional Nd:YAG‐based laser excitation sources. PLD‐based PAT system for various applications such as brain imaging, monitoring wash in and wash out of contrast agents, diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders have been demonstrated already.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo detection of venous sinus distension due to intracranial hypotension in small animal using pulsed‐laser‐diode photoacoustic tomography

Rajendran

Sahu

Dienzo

et al. 2020

Journal of Biophotonics

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Intracranial hypotension (IH) is a pathophysiological condition of reduced intracranial pressure caused by low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume due to dural injuries from lumbar puncture, surgery, or trauma. Understanding the prognosis of IH in small animal models is important to gain insights on the complications associated with it such as orthostatic headache, cerebral venous thrombosis, coma, and so forth. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) offers a novel and cost-effective way to perceive and detect IH in small animal models. In this study, a pulsed laser diode (PLD)-based PAT imaging system was used to examine the changes in the venous sinuses of the rat brain due to IH, induced through CSF extraction. After the CSF extraction, an increase in the sagittal sinus area by~30% and width by 40% ± 5% was observed. These results provide supportive evidence that the PLD-PAT can be employed for detecting changes in sagittal sinus due to IH in rat model.

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“…Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) images optical absorption contrast at sub-cellular spatial resolution [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In OR-PAM, a focused laser beam induces initial pressure rise along the optical axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with a side-looking fiber optic ultrasound sensor

Liang¹,

Liu²,

Jin³

et al. 2018

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) images biological tissue with sub-cellular resolution and optical absorption contrast. OR-PAM is limited by the tradeoff among imaging speed, field of view, and sensitivity. In this work, we present an OR-PAM technique based on an unfocused side-looking fiber optic ultrasound (FOUS) sensor, which achieves high imaging speed, large field of view, and good sensitivity for in vivo imaging. The FOUS sensor is developed based on a dual-polarized fiber laser and read out with real-time frequency demodulation. Via minimizing the readout noise, the sensor offers a noise-equivalent pressure of 43.6 Pa, enabling high detection sensitivity over a large field of view. High imaging speed is achieved via scanning the laser beam with a 2D galvo mirror in the ultrasound detection area. Microvascular imaging with a frame rate of 2 Hz over a 2 × 2 mm 2 area has been demonstrated in the mouse ear. The new OR-PAM technique may be used in the visualization of biological and physiologic dynamics.

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Fast photoacoustic imaging systems using pulsed laser diodes: a review

Cited by 78 publications

References 124 publications

Photoacoustic imaging in the second near-infrared window: a review

Photoacoustic imaging in the second near-infrared window: a review

In vivo detection of venous sinus distension due to intracranial hypotension in small animal using pulsed‐laser‐diode photoacoustic tomography

Fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy with a side-looking fiber optic ultrasound sensor

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