Fast photomultipliers for TOF PET

Szczesniak, T.; Moszyński, M.; Świderski, Ł.; Nassalski, A.; Lavoute, P.; Kapusta, M.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2007.4436692

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A photosensor with these characteristics and very often used in gamma ray detectors is the photomultiplier tube (PMT). They have been used in several applications, demonstrating also their feasibility to be essential components in TOF-PET detectors [6,7]. An alternative photosensor device is the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring TOF capabilities of PET detector blocks based on large monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs

et al. 2020

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A B S T R A C TMonolithic scintillators are more frequently used in PET instrumentation due to their advantages in terms of accurate position estimation of the impinging gamma rays both planar and depth of interaction, their increased efficiency, and expected timing capabilities. Such timing performance has been studied when those blocks are coupled to digital photosensors showing an excellent timing resolution.In this work we study the timing behaviour of detectors composed by monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs read out by an ASIC. The scintillation light spreads across the crystal towards the photosensors, resulting in a high number of SiPMs and ASIC channels fired. This has been studied in relation with the Coincidence Timing Resolution (CTR). We have used LYSO monolithic blocks with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 15 mm 3 coupled to SiPM arrays (8 × 8 elements with 6 × 6 mm 2 area) which compose detectors suitable for clinical applications.While a CTR as good as 186 ps FWHM was achieved for a pair of 3 × 3 × 5 mm 3 LYSO crystals, when using the monolithic block and the SiPM arrays, a raw CTR over 1 ns was observed. An optimal timestamp assignment was studied as well as compensation methods for the time-skew and time-walk errors. This work describes all steps followed to improve the CTR. Eventually, an average detector time resolution of 497 ps FWHM was measured for the whole thick monolithic block. This improves to 380 ps FWHM for a central volume of interest near the photosensors. The timing dependency with the photon depth of interaction and planar position are also included.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring TOF capabilities of PET detector blocks based on large monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs

et al. 2020

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“…Generally, PMTs have been considered the reference choice for detecting light photons from scintillator crystals since the inception of this imaging technique. They are economically advantageous, have excellent temporal resolution (sub-nanosecond), high gain, relatively low noise, and are sensitive to light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum [85,140]. However, the fragility, large volume, high operating voltage, and magnetic field sensitivity of these PMT tubes ultimately limit this technology for future cost-effective, multimodal systems such as hybrid PET/MRI systems [92].…”

Section: Discrete Crystal Couplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detection instrumentation and geometric design of clinical PET scanner: towards better performance and broader clinical applications

El Ouaridi,

Ait Elcadi,

Mkimel

et al. 2024

Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful medical imaging modality used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and monitor various clinical diseases in patients. It is more sensitive and produces a highly quantitative mapping of the three-dimensional biodistribution of positron-emitting radiotracers inside the human body. The underlying technology is constantly evolving, and recent advances in detection instrumentation and PET scanner design have significantly improved the medical diagnosis capabilities of this imaging modality, making it more efficient and opening the way to broader, innovative, and promising clinical applications. Some significant achievements related to detection instrumentation include introducing new scintillators and photodetectors as well as developing innovative detector designs and coupling configurations. Other advances in scanner design include moving towards a cylindrical geometry, 3D acquisition mode, and the trend towards a wider axial field of view and a shorter diameter. Further research on PET camera instrumentation and design will be required to advance this technology by improving its performance and extending its clinical applications while optimising radiation dose, image acquisition time, and manufacturing cost. This article comprehensively reviews the various parameters of instrumentation and PET system design. Firstly, an overview of the historical innovation of the PET system has been presented, focusing on instrumental technology. Secondly, we have characterised the main performance parameters of current clinical PET and detailed recent instrumental innovations and trends that affect these performances and clinical practice. Finally, prospects for this medical imaging modality are presented and discussed. This overview of the PET system's instrumental parameters enables us to draw solid conclusions on achieving the best possible performance for the different needs of different clinical applications.

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“…Fast round-type PMTs equipped with 7-8 dynodes, which is less than 10-12 dynodes implemented in general PMTs, yield good time resolutions. The small number of dynodes reduces both the transit time and the transit time jitter which are the critical factors determining time performance of PMTs (Moses and Ullisch 2006, Moses 2007, Szczesniak et al 2007, Conti 2011b. In a previous study, round PMTs were coupled with 4 × 4 × 10 mm 3 lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO) crystals, yielding 200 ps single time resolution (Ito et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a new accelerating-electrode-equipped fast-time-response PMT coupled with fast LGSO

Lee

Won

et al. 2018

Phys. Med. Biol.

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In this study, we measured the performance of a newly developed Hamamatsu Photonics R13478 photomultiplier tube (PMT) and compared the results with those of an existing R9800 PMT. In R13478, an accelerating electrode is placed between the focusing electrode and first dynode for time resolution improvement through reduced transit time jitter. We investigated the time resolution dependence on the supply voltage and time pickoff method for R13478 and R9800 PMTs, each coupled with a 2.9 × 2.9 × 20 mm fast LGSO:Ce (0.025 mol%) crystal. In addition, we measured the PMT time resolutions coupled with the crystals in edge and laid positions to determine the effects of the reduced position dependence of transit time in R13478. R13478 exhibited a better time performance than R9800 in various ways. The rise time of R13478 for our experimental setup was 1.54 ns, 100 ps shorter than that of R9800 because of the reduced transit time. Further, R13478 achieved a 169 ps single time resolution at the recommended supply voltage, while this value was 187 ps for R9800. The time resolution of R13478 was also significantly better for a low time pickoff threshold level and a high supplied voltage, which are conditions vulnerable to transit time jitter and noise, respectively. A considerable difference in time resolution was observed for the laid position (R13478: 144 ps; R9800: 167 ps), indicating that the accelerating electrode reduced spatial transit time difference. Overall, we showed the effects of the differentiated characteristics of R13478 PMT compared with R9800 and confirmed its excellent time performance. We suggest use of this device as a photodetector effective for fast timing applications such as time-of-flight positron emission tomography.

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Fast photomultipliers for TOF PET

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Exploring TOF capabilities of PET detector blocks based on large monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs

Exploring TOF capabilities of PET detector blocks based on large monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs

The detection instrumentation and geometric design of clinical PET scanner: towards better performance and broader clinical applications

Performance of a new accelerating-electrode-equipped fast-time-response PMT coupled with fast LGSO

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