Fast Primary Frequency Response using Coordinated DER and Flexible Loads: Framework and Residential-scale Demonstration

Lundstrom, Blake; Patel, Sourav; Attree, Sandeep; Salapaka, Murti V.

doi:10.1109/pesgm.2018.8586166

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Remark 3.2. Corollary 3.1 extends the relationship in (5) to show that to ensure the phase difference in the inverter currents to be small, the values E k have to be close to E * . Indeed, for the phase difference of the currents to be smaller than…”

Section: B Design Guideline For Droop Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Isochronous Architecture-Based Voltage-Active Power Droop for Multi-Inverter Systems

Patel¹,

Chakraborty²,

Lundstrom³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Advanced microgrids consisting of distributed energy resources interfaced with multi-inverter systems are becoming more common. Consequently, the effectiveness of voltage and frequency regulation in microgrids using conventional droopbased methodologies is challenged by uncertainty in the size and schedule of loads. This article proposes an isochronous architecture of parallel inverters with only voltage-active power droop (VP-D) control for improving active power sharing as well as plug-and-play of multi-inverter based distributed energy resources (DERs). In spite of not employing explicit control for frequency regulation, this architecture allows even sharing of reactive power while maintaining reduced circulating currents between inverters. The performance is achieved even when there are mismatches between commanded reference and power demanded from the actual load in the network. The isochronous architecture is implemented by employing a global positioning system (GPS) to disseminate the clock timing signals that enable the microgrid to maintain nominal system frequency in the entire network. This enables direct control of active power through voltage source inverter (VSI) output voltage regulation, even in the presence of system disturbances. A small signal eigenvalue analysis of a multi-inverter system near the steady-state operating point is presented to evaluate the stability of the multi-inverter system with the proposed VP-D control. Simulation studies and hardware experiments on an 1.2 kVA prototype are conducted. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture towards active and reactive power sharing between inverters with load scenarios are demonstrated. Results of the hardware experiments corroborate the viability of the proposed VP-D control architecture.Index Terms-Common-clock/GPS, low-voltage multi-inverter microgrid, virtual impedance, voltage active power droop, voltage source inverter I. INTRODUCTIONM ODERNIZATION of rapidly dispatchable DERs to provide demand response and ancillary services are transforming emergent microgrids into advanced microgrids. Advanced microgrids enable additional flexibility, resilience and reliability for local resources as well as support of the large scale grid when connected [1]. These microgrids can be operated in both grid-connected as well as islanded modes. In the islanded mode, DERs support local loads in the microgrid through either centralized, distributed or de-centralized control architectures. Controllers employed either locally at individual DERs or at a microgrid level are responsible for stabilizing S. Patel, S. Chakraborty, M. Salapaka are with the

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Section: B Design Guideline For Droop Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…microgrid voltage [2], maintaining power quality with plugand-play capabilities [3], apportioning load between various distributed generations (DGs) [4], and primary frequency response support [5]. A number of hierarchical control schemes achieve one or more of these objectives [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isochronous Architecture-Based Voltage-Active Power Droop for Multi-Inverter Systems

Patel¹,

Chakraborty²,

Lundstrom³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…76 bitumen tanks were integrated with a simplified power system model to provide frequency regulation via a decentralized control algorithm in [8]. In buildings, a decentralized control algorithm controlled lighting loads in a test room [9], centralized frequency control was applied to an air handling unit (AHU), ( [10], [11]), an inverter and four household appliances [12], and four heaters in different rooms [13]. A laboratory home with an EV and an AHU, and a number of simulated homes were considered for demand response in [14] through an aggregator at a 10 s level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency Regulation With Heterogeneous Energy Resources: A Realization Using Distributed Control

Anderson

Muralidharan

Srivastava

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

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This paper presents one of the first real-life demonstrations of coordinated and distributed resource control for secondary frequency response in a power distribution grid. A series of tests involved up to 69 heterogeneous active distributed energy resources consisting of air handling units, unidirectional and bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations, a battery energy storage system, and 107 passive distributed energy resources consisting of building loads and solar photovoltaic systems. The distributed control setup consists of a set of Raspberry Pi endpoints exchanging messages via an ethernet switch. Actuation commands for the distributed energy resources are obtained by solving a power allocation problem at every regulation instant using distributed ratio-consensus, primal-dual, and Newton-like algorithms. The problem formulation minimizes the sum of distributed energy resource costs while tracking the aggregate setpoint provided by the system operator. We demonstrate accurate and fast real-time distributed computation of the optimization solution and effective tracking of the regulation signal over 40minute time horizons. An economic benefit analysis confirms eligibility to participate in an ancillary services market and demonstrates up to $49k of potential annual revenue for the selected population of distributed energy resources.

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“…With the development in sensor technologies, sensor cost has been reduced considerably, which has enabled DERs to provide fast ancillary services, such as frequency control. To have effective primary frequency control, DERs should react within 1 to 2 seconds [3]. Much work has been done to find an efficient and fast method to use loads endowed with local control policies to provide frequency regulation ( [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [9], [12], [13]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized Frequency Control using Packet-based Energy Coordination

Mavalizadeh

Espinosa

Almassalkhi

2020

2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm)

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This paper presents a novel frequency-responsive control scheme for demand-side resources, such as electric water heaters. A frequency-dependent control law is designed to provide damping from distributed energy resources (DERs) in a fully decentralized fashion. This local control policy represents a frequency-dependent threshold for each DER that ensures that the aggregate response provides damping during frequency deviations. The proposed decentralized policy is based on an adaptation of a packet-based DER coordination scheme where each device send requests for energy access (also called an "energy packet") to an aggregator. The number of previously accepted active packets can then be used a-priori to form an online estimate of the aggregate damping capability of the DER fleet in a dynamic power system. A simple two-area power system is used to illustrate and validate performance of the decentralized control policy and the accuracy of the online damping estimating for a fleet of 400,000 DERs.

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Fast Primary Frequency Response using Coordinated DER and Flexible Loads: Framework and Residential-scale Demonstration

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Isochronous Architecture-Based Voltage-Active Power Droop for Multi-Inverter Systems

Isochronous Architecture-Based Voltage-Active Power Droop for Multi-Inverter Systems

Frequency Regulation With Heterogeneous Energy Resources: A Realization Using Distributed Control

Decentralized Frequency Control using Packet-based Energy Coordination

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