Fast profiling of cocaine seizures by FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis of minor alkaloids and residual solvents

Monfreda, Maria; Varani, Francesco; Cattaruzza, Fabrizio; Ciambrone, Simona; Proposito, Alessandro

doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2015.06.002

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It also has to be said that this approach is to our knowledge the first that allows the characterisation of four different types of party drugs, encountered in the context of drug checking using only spectroscopy. Sure, spectroscopy and chemometrics were already used in this context, but always to characterise a specific type of samples like MDMA tablets 7–10,19 or cocaine 11–18 . Though all these papers focussed on only one type of drug samples and made often use of reference standards or specific calibration samples for quantitative estimations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sure, spectroscopy and chemometrics were already used in this context, but always to characterise a specific type of samples like MDMA tablets [7][8][9][10]19 or cocaine. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Though all these papers focussed on only one type of drug samples and made often use of reference standards or specific calibration samples for quantitative estimations. Also, this approach was developed in the context of drug checking and prevention and not in the context of law enforcement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neto et al 6 described an application based on Fourier transformed IR (FT‐IR) and discriminant analysis to identify hallucinogenic NBOMe derivatives and other new psychotropic substances on blotter papers. The majority of the papers however focussed on the characterisation of ecstasy tablets 7–10 and cocaine samples 11–18 . What all these papers have in common is that they only focus on one type of drug samples, have limited sample sets and all make use of chemometric techniques that are not or not yet available through the softwares of IR instrument vendors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

Deconinck

Aït-Kaci

Raes

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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More and more events, such as the summer music festivals, are considering the possibilities for implementing on‐site testing of psychoactive drugs in the context of prevention and harm reduction. Although the on‐site identification is already implemented by plenty of drug checking services, the required rapid quantitative dosing of the composition of illicit substances is still a missing aspect for a successful harm reduction strategy at events. In this paper, an approach is presented to identify white powders as amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine or others and to estimate the purity of the amphetamine, cocaine and ketamine samples using spectroscopic techniques hyphenated with partial least squares (PLS) modelling. For identification purposes, it was observed that mid‐infrared spectroscopy hyphenated with PLS‐discriminant analysis allowed the distinction between amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine and other samples and this with a correct classification rate of 93.1% for an external test set. For quantitative estimation, near‐infrared spectroscopy was more performant and allowed the estimation of the dosage/purity of the amphetamine, cocaine and ketamine samples with an error of more or less 10% w/w. An easily applicable, practical and cost‐effective approach for on‐site characterisation of the majority of the psychoactive samples encountered in Belgian nightlife settings based on IR spectroscopy was proposed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

Deconinck

Aït-Kaci

Raes

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Estudos a cerca dos componentes de cocaína apreendida vem sendo explorados pois podem levantar informações relevantes a respeito de origens geográficas, rotas de tráfico, e possíveis formações de quadrilhas [3]. No Brasil, essa tendência investigativa foi concretizada no projeto Pequi (Perfil Químico de Drogas) da Polícia v. 8, n. 1, p. 45-61, 20191, p. 45-61, ISSN 2237 Federal, que além de avaliar os adulterantes presentes nas amostras de cocaína traficadas nos estados brasileiros, também impulsionou pesquisas sobre outras substâncias presentes na cocaína, como solventes residuais [3,4,5], e diluentes [6].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Investigação de adulterantes em amostras de cocaína apreendidas na região de Araçatuba no período de 2014 a 2015

Ferreira¹,

Martinis²,

Perdoná³

et al. 2019

Rev. Bras. Crimin.

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A maior parte da cocaína traficada nas ruas apresenta substâncias produto dos processos de obtenção, diluentes adicionados para aumento do lucro, e adulterantes, adicionados para mimetizar ou potencializar os efeitos da droga. Estudos sobre o perfil químico de cocaína apreendida vem sendo explorados em vários países, e com destaque, no Brasil, objetivando não só conhecer o perfil da droga traficada, mas também relacionar características químicas com origens geográficas. Este trabalho investigou os componentes de 92 amostras de cocaína apreendidas na região de Araçatuba, no período de 2014 a 2015 empregando o método de extração líquido-líquido e análise por Cromatografia em fase Gasosa acoplada a detector por Espectrometria de Massas, em que foram detectados os adulterantes cafeína, lidocaína, fenacetina, levamisol, carisoprodol, aminopirina, benzocaína metotrimeprazina e cloridrato de cetamina. Também foram identificados os alcaloides éster de metilecgonidina, cinamoilcocaínas e norcocaína. A maior parte das amostras estava adulterada e apresentou o éster de metilecgonidina, substância formada a partir da degradação térmica da cocaína. Foram elaborados mapas georreferenciados baseados nos sítios das apreensões das amostras, em que se pode visualizar três principais núcleos de densidade de apreensões, localizados na cidade de Araçatuba.AbstractMost of street cocaine has substances derived from the processes of production, diluents added to increase profits, and adulterants added to mimic or potentiate the effects of the drug. Studies on the chemical profile and geographical origins of the seized cocaine have been explored in several countries, including Brazil. This work investigated the compounds present in 92 cocaine samples seized in the region of Araçatuba city, from 2014 to 2015 using the method of liquid-liquid extraction and analysis by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry detector, in which were detected the adulterants caffeine, lidocaine, phenacetin, levamisole, carisoprodol, aminopyrine, benzocaine metotrimeprazine and ketamine hydrochloride. The alkaloids ecgonidine methyl ester, cinnamoylcocaines and norcocaine were also identified. Most of the samples were adulterated and presented ecgonidine methyl ester, a substance formed from the thermal degradation of cocaine. Georeferenced maps were made based on the sample seizure sites, showing the presence of three main hotspots in the city of Araçatuba.

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“…As plantas como a Erythroxylum coca, adquirem características do solo em que foram cultivadas, além disso, variáveis como altura acima do nível do mar, clima e distância da costa afetam o metabolismo da planta e, portanto, sua química interna. Isso pode nos fornecer diversas informaçoes, como em que país da América do Sul as folhas de coca foram cultivadas 45 .…”

Section: Classificação Por Origem Geográfica Das Amostrasunclassified

Determinação de cocaína e seus adulterantes empregando Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS)

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Fast profiling of cocaine seizures by FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis of minor alkaloids and residual solvents

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

An infrared spectroscopic approach to characterise white powders, easily applicable in the context of drug checking, drug prevention and on‐site analysis

Investigação de adulterantes em amostras de cocaína apreendidas na região de Araçatuba no período de 2014 a 2015

Determinação de cocaína e seus adulterantes empregando Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS)

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