Fast pyrolysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) waste in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor

Makkawi, Yassir; Sayed, Yehya El; Salih, Mubarak; Nancarrow, Paul; Banks, Scott W.; Bridgwater, Anthony V.

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.028

Cited by 75 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Biomass is defined as a non-conventional Energies 2020, 13, 5877 5 of 34 solid in Aspen Plus. The proximate, ultimate, and sulfur analyses presented in Table 1 are for a mixture of date palm leaves, leaf stems, and empty fruit bunches adapted from the work by Makkawi et al [45]. Table 1.…”

Section: Biomass Properties In This Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy and Economic Analysis of Date Palm Biomass Feedstock for Biofuel Production in UAE: Pyrolysis, Gasification and Fermentation

et al. 2020

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This work evaluates date palm waste as a cheap and available biomass feedstock in UAE for the production of biofuels. The thermochemical and biochemical routes including pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation were investigated. Simulations were done to produce biofuels from biomass via Aspen Plus v.10. The simulation results showed that for a tonne of biomass feed, gasification produced 56 kg of hydrogen and fermentation yielded 233 kg of ethanol. Process energy requirements, however, proved to offset the bioethanol product value. For 1 tonne of biomass feed, the net duty for pyrolysis was 37 kJ, for gasification was 725 kJ, and for fermentation was 7481.5 kJ. Furthermore, for 1 tonne of date palm waste feed, pyrolysis generated a returned USD $768, gasification generated USD 166, but fermentation required an expenditure of USD 763, rendering it unfeasible. The fermentation economic analysis showed that reducing the system’s net duty to 6500 kJ/tonne biomass and converting 30% hemicellulose along with the cellulose content will result in a breakeven bioethanol fuel price of 1.85 USD/L. This fuel price falls within the acceptable 0.8–2.4 USD/L commercial feasibility range and is competitive with bioethanol produced in other processes. The economic analysis indicated that pyrolysis and gasification are economically more feasible than fermentation. To maximize profits, the wasted hemicellulose and lignin from fermentation are proposed to be used in thermochemical processes for further fuel production.

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Section: Biomass Properties In This Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1. Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and sulfur analysis of date palm waste [45]. Furthermore, ultimate analysis was used to determine the elemental composition of the biomass sample.…”

Section: Biomass Properties In This Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and Economic Analysis of Date Palm Biomass Feedstock for Biofuel Production in UAE: Pyrolysis, Gasification and Fermentation

et al. 2020

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“…According to recent reports and literature, there are more than 120 million date palm trees distributed worldwide. From this number of palm trees, the Middle East and North Africa countries estimated to have more than 70%-90% of the share [1]. In Saudi Arabia, the number of date palm trees is increasing gradually, reaching more than 28 million in 2018 [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Sustainability in Rural Areas: Composting Palm Tree Residues in Rotating Bioreactors

et al. 2019

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Huge quantities of palm tree residues are available annually in Saudi Arabia; they are often disposed of by burning, leading to large environmental pollution and health problems. Enclosed composting may be a successful method for utilizing these residues. Effective composting in a rotary bioreactor depends on the composting materials and the frequencies of the rotation–aeration process. Here, we attempted to determine the optimal method for composting these residues in a bioreactor. Four identical pilot-scale bioreactors (D1–D4) were used. The respective aeration–rotation frequencies were continuous (D1), and 20 min per 1 h (D2), 2 h (D3), and 3 h (D4); the rotation speed of the bioreactors was 3 rpm. Three periods were analyzed; their names and their respective lengths for D1, D2, D3, and D4 were as follows: the lag period was 10 h for each, the mesophilic periods were 13, 14, 89, and 231 h, and the thermophilic periods were 0, 55, 71, and 17 h. The peak compost temperatures (Tc, max) for D1, D2, and D3 were 65.2, 57.2, and 46.9 °C, and were achieved at 36, 71, and 108 h of operation, respectively. In D1, Tc quickly declined after reaching Tc, max due to limited microbial activity at Tc > 60 °C. In D2, a Tc of 50–57.2 °C was maintained for 61 h, and the highest organic matter degradation (OMD) of 0.30 was achieved. During the composting period, the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio and moisture contents (MC) remained in the optimal ranges for microorganisms and did not affect the composting process. The results indicated that combined aeration–rotation for 20 min every hour (D2) gave the best results for composting palm tree residues, it ensured the hygiene safety of the end product, and it also consumed less power for aeration and rotation than D1.

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“…Для переработки органических веществ и материалов -нефти, угля, торфа, древесины, сельскохозяйственных и промышленных отходов, бытового мусора, широко используется технология пиролиза. В отличие от наиболее распространенного термического (основанного на теплопроводности от поверхностных слоев) нагрева актуальным представляется использование объемного (СВЧ) нагре-ва материалов [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Материалом, имеющим широкий спектр практического применения и методов его переработки является торф.…”

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Microwave pyrolysis experimental study of peat

Krapivnitskaia¹,

Богдашов²,

Денисенко³

et al. 2019

PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Работа посвящена исследованию деструкции верхового сфагнового торфа под возде йствием микроволнового излучения. Для анализа физико-химических процессов создана лабораторная установка на основе коаксиального резонатора-реактора, геометрия которого обеспечивает однородное распределение СВЧ-поля в объеме реактора. В качестве источника СВЧ-излучения использовался промышленный магнетрон с частотой 2,45 ГГц мощностью до 1 кВт. При лабораторных исследованиях с относительно небольшим объемом торфа (~100 г) достоинством созданной установки является возможность быстрого достижения температ уры, необходимой для осуществления реакции пиролиза при относительно малом уровне СВЧ-мощности, который в данных экспериментах составлял около 100 Вт. Анализ полученных в ходе реакции продуктов производился на хромато-масс-спектрометре. Проводимые исследования направлены на создание высокоэффективных экологически чистых технологий переработки биотоплива с высоким выходом горючих газов, пригодных для дальнейшего использования в промышленных энергетических установках, а также получения смолистой фракции для создания легких углеводородов и углеродистого остатка для современных высокоэффективных сорбе нтов. На основе созданной экспериментальной установки проведены исследования мягкого СВЧ-пиролиза торфа при температуре 250 °С в условиях постоянного отвода газообразных продуктов реакции. Получены и проанализированы образцы твердой, жидкой и газовой фаз, представляющие собой ценный углеродистый остаток, маслянистую фракцию и пиролизный газ. В статье анализируется возможность промышленного применения продуктов реакции. Проведено сравнение химического состава продуктов реакции при СВЧ-пиролизе и «традиционном» пиролизе с термическим нагревом. Показано, что в составе выделившихся в процессе СВЧ-пиролиза газов отсутствуют тяжелые ядовитые газы, которые во множестве сопрово ждают процесс «традиционного» термического пиролиза. Снижение количества ядовитых газов улучшает экологическую составляющую производства. Указанное обстоятельство свидетельствует о перспективности СВЧ-пиролиза для промышленной переработки органических материалов.

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Fast pyrolysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) waste in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor

Cited by 75 publications

References 40 publications

Energy and Economic Analysis of Date Palm Biomass Feedstock for Biofuel Production in UAE: Pyrolysis, Gasification and Fermentation

Energy and Economic Analysis of Date Palm Biomass Feedstock for Biofuel Production in UAE: Pyrolysis, Gasification and Fermentation

Toward Sustainability in Rural Areas: Composting Palm Tree Residues in Rotating Bioreactors

Microwave pyrolysis experimental study of peat

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