Fast-switching all-printed organic electrochemical transistors

Ersman, Peter Andersson; Nilsson, David; Kawahara, J.; Gustafsson, G.; Berggren, Magnus

doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2013.02.027

Cited by 85 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The tuning of the channel resistance occurs via different mechanisms depending of the type of the transistor. In an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), the channel conductivity varies according to the oxidation state of the channel [81][82][83][84].…”

Section: Organic Electrochemical Transistor (Oect)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressability and GHz Operation in Flexible Electronics

Sani

2016

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool. -Richard FeynmanThe discovery of conductive polymers in 1977 opened up a whole new path for flexible electronics. Conducting polymers and organic semiconductors are carbon rich compounds that are able to conduct charges while flexed and are compatible with low-cost and large-scale processes including printing and coating techniques. The conducting polymer has aided the rapidly expanding field of flexible electronics, leading to many new applications such as electronic skin, RFID tags, smart labels, flexible displays, implantable medical devices, and flexible sensors.However, there are several remaining challenges in the production and implementation of flexible electronic materials and devices. The conductivity of organic conductors and semiconductors is still orders of magnitude lower compared to their inorganic counterparts. In addition, non-flexible inorganic semiconductors still remain the materials of choice for high frequency applications; since the charge carrier mobility and thus operational speed of the organic materials are limited. Therefore, there remains a high demand to combine the high frequency operation of inorganic semiconductors with the flexible fabrication methods of organic systems for future electronics.In addition to the challenges in the choice of materials in flexible electronics, the upscaling of the flexible devices and implementing them in circuits can also be complicated. Lack of non-linearity is an issue that arises when flexible devices with linear behavior need to be incorporated in an array or matrix form. Non-linearity is important for applications such as displays and memory arrays, where the devices are arranged as matrix cells addressed by their row and column number. If the behavior of cells in the matrix is linear, addressing each cell affects the adjacent cells. Therefore, inducing non-linearity and, consequently, addressability in such linear devices is the first step before scaling up into matrix schemes.In this work, non-linear organic/inorganic hybrid devices are produced to overcome the limitations mentioned above and leverage the advantages of both organic and inorganic materials. Two novel methods are developed to incorporate non-flexible inorganic semiconductors into ultra-high frequency (UHF) flexible devices. In the first method, Si is ground into a powder with micrometer-sized particles and printed through standard screen printing. For the first time, allprinted flexible diodes operating in the GHz range are produced. The energy harvesting application of the printed diodes is demonstrated in a flexible circuit coupling an antenna and the display to the diode.A second and simpler room-temperature method based on lamination was later developed, which further improves device performance and operational frequency. Here, a flexible semiconducting composite film consisting of Si microparticles, glycerol, and nano-fibrillated cellulose is produced and used as the semiconduct...

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Section: Organic Electrochemical Transistor (Oect)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressability and GHz Operation in Flexible Electronics

Sani

2016

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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“…In contrast to OFETs, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) exhibits some advantageous properties, such as very low operating voltage [4], ability to work in the liquid environment [5], and simple fabrication process using common printing methods such as inkjet [6] and screen printing [7][8][9][10]. However, OECT exhibits also some disadvantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vertical topology is advantageous in switching application due to the fast I DS current response to the control gate-source voltage (V GS ) because of the shortest possible distance between the gate terminal and the channel through the thickness of the electrolyte layer. Vertical OECT with carbon drain and source contacts overlapping the channel and defining the interface between the electrolyte (mixture of PSSNa/D-sorbitol/glycerol/deionized water) and channel to limit the difference between ON and OFF times was presented [9]. The other type of vertical OECT was manufactured by using vias through the flexible substrate [10] with the poly[(quaternary imidazolium) chloride] as an electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Topology on Performance of Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Mracek

Syrový

Pretl

et al. 2016

Period. Polytech. Elec. Eng. Comp. Sci.

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Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with two topologies and three ionic liquid electrolytes were analyzed to get information about their influence on the selected transistor's characteristics. The channel of the OECT device was based on conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy- Keywords Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT), Ionic liquid (IL), PEDOT:PSS, OECT structure, printed electronics, screen printing IntroductionOne of the key device of organic electronics for simple electronic circuits is an organic field effect transistor (OFET) which is widely studied from the point of view of both theoretical and practical aspects [1][2][3]. OFETs typically operate at voltages in the order of tens of volts and lot of efforts was spent to decrease the operating voltage below 10 V.In contrast to OFETs, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) exhibits some advantageous properties, such as very low operating voltage [4], ability to work in the liquid environment [5], and simple fabrication process using common printing methods such as inkjet [6] and screen printing [7][8][9][10]. However, OECT exhibits also some disadvantages. The main one being low switching performance in terms of the switching speed and the switching ratio, which are crucial for some type of applications. The switching performance is directly proportional to the speed and efficiency of the electrochemical redox reaction in the channel between the polymer semiconductor backbone and ions injected from the gate electrode. Note that unlike OFET, the gate electrode being formed from the electrolyte is in direct contact with the channel between source and drain electrodes in the OECT. In our study we used for the channel of OECT most commonly used p-type organic polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) -poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). This polymer exhibits a variety of advantageous properties such as environmental stability, good film-forming ability and the possibility to vary its electric conductivity by several orders of magnitude [11].After the application of electric field between the gate and source (drain) electrode the ions (free to move) are injected into the channel and the electrochemical reaction starts. According to Eq. (1) cations M + are injected. Thus, PEDOT + (holes) and cations are present in the redox reaction. PEDOT + is reduced and comes into neutral "non-conducting" PEDOT 0 state at the side of negative electric potential. Charge carrier concentration decreases and transistor is in the OFF state.

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“…Due to easy fabrication and CPs processability, OECTs found application in printed electronics, for the production of displays and biosensors. [29][30][31][32] Additionally, low operating voltages, stability in aqueous environment, and capability of interfacing ionic and electronic signals make them suitable devices for bioelectronics and healthcare applications. 33,34 However, despite their great success, OECTs currently suffer of many drawbacks, which limit their use for practical applications.…”

Section: Chapter 3 Electrochemical Transistorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29,44 Therefore, a great effort has been spent on improve OECTs switching times. 45 In this work time constants for ON and OFF processes have been defined as the time required for reach the 90% (τON) and the 10% (τOFF) of the maximum currents, respectively.…”

Section: Switching Times In Oectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Bioelectronics Applications

Zeglio¹

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Self-doped conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are a class of conducting polymers constituted of a π-conjugated backbone and charged side groups. The ionic groups provide the counterions needed to balance the charged species formed in the CPEs backbones upon oxidation. As a result, addition of external counterions is not required, and the CPEs can be defined as selfdoped. The combination of their unique optical and electrical properties render them the perfect candidates for optoelectronic applications. Additionally, their “soft” nature provide for the mechanical compatibility necessary to interface with biological systems, rendering them promising materials for bioelectronics applications. CPEs solubility, aggregation state, and optoelectronic properties can be easily tuned by different means, such as blending or interaction with oppositely charged species (such as surfactants), in order to produce materials with the desired properties. In this thesis both the strategies have been explored to produce new functional materials that can be deposited to form a thin film and, therefore, used as an active layer in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Microstructure formation of the films as well as influence on devices operation and performance have been investigated. We also show that these methods can be exploited to produce materials whose uniquecombination of self-doping ability and hydrophobicity allows incorporation into the phospholipid double layer of biomembranes, while retaining their properties. As a result, self-doped CPEs can be used both as sensing elements to probe the physical state of biomembranes, and as functional ones providing them with new functionalities, such as electrical conductivity. Integration of conductive electronic biomembranes into OECTs devices has brought us one step forward on the interface of manmade technologies with biological systems

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Fast-switching all-printed organic electrochemical transistors

Cited by 85 publications

References 21 publications

Addressability and GHz Operation in Flexible Electronics

Addressability and GHz Operation in Flexible Electronics

Influence of Topology on Performance of Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Self-doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Bioelectronics Applications

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