Fasting heat production and metabolic body size in non-ruminant growing farm animals

Noblet, Jean; Labussière, Étienne; Dubois, Serge; Lange, C. F. M. de; Barea, R.; Lasnier, Joseph M.; Rivera, V M Islas; Warpechowski, Marson Bruck; Milgen, Jaap van

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_107

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It should also be pointed out that the basal metabolic rate of animals depends on the feed intake before fasting (Labussière et al, 2011). Our result (0.70) obtained on a large BW range (0.6 to 2.8 kg) of fast-growing broilers and also in fast-growing turkeys (Rivera-Torres et al, 2010;Noblet et al, 2013) can be considered as a reliable basis for expressing the MBW of present and near future broilers and also turkeys. As for growing pigs (0.60; Noblet et al, 1999), growing veal calves (0.85, Labussière et al, 2009) or growing turkeys (0.70; Rivera-Torres et al, 2010), this study indicates that the most appropriate exponent for MBW in broilers differs from the conventional 0.75 value.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers

Noblet

Dubois

Lasnier

et al. 2015

Animal

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Fasting heat production (FHP) is used for characterizing the basal metabolic rate of animals and the corresponding maintenance energy requirements and in the calculation of net energy value of feeds. In broilers, the most recent FHP estimates were obtained in the 1980s in slow-growing and fatter birds than nowadays. The FHP values (n = 73; six experiments) measured in 3 to 6-weekold modern lines of broilers weighing 0.6 to 2.8 kg and growing at 80 to 100 g/day were used to update these literature values. Each measurement was obtained in a group of fasting broilers (5 to 14 birds) kept in a respiration chamber for at least 24 h. The FHP estimate corresponds to the asymptotic heat production corrected for zero physical activity obtained by modeling the decrease in heat production during the fasting day. The compilation of these data indicates that FHP was linearly related to the BW 0.70 (in kg), which can be considered as the metabolic BW of modern broilers. The 0.70 exponent differs from the conventional value of 0.75 used for mature animals. The FHP per kg of BW 0.70 ranged between 410 and 460 kJ/day according to the experiment (P < 0.01). An experiment conducted with a shorter duration of fasting (16 h) indicated that FHP values are higher than those obtained over at least 24 h of fasting. Our values are similar to those obtained previously on fatter and slow-growing birds, even though the comparison is difficult since measurement conditions and methodologies have changed during the last 30 years. The FHP values obtained in our trials represent a basis for energy nutrition of modern broilers.Keywords: broiler, energy, fasting heat production, metabolic BW, calorimetry ImplicationsPrevious fasting heat production (FHP) values of broilers have been considered to be proportional to BW 0.75 and most literature values were obtained in fatter and slower growing broilers. The present compilation of measurements obtained in modern lines of broilers indicates that the new FHP values should be expressed per kg of BW 0.70 . They provide a basis for the estimation of maintenance requirements and the development of new energy systems for poultry, especially in connection with more appropriate systems that are based on the net energy concept.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers

Noblet

Dubois

Lasnier

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…When ranges of confidence or credible intervals determined by a given model include estimates outside the realm of possibility, such as seen here, serious consideration must be given to exploration of alternative models. Irreproducibility of parameter estimates between data sets and the variable nature of maintenance indicate that the functional form of BW 0.75 (Old and Rossow, 2014), is biologically relevant (Baldwin, 1968;Kennedy and Calvert, 2014) Cruz et al (2010) indicates that, for the average animal, ME was used as fuel for functions comprising maintenance and biomass synthesis (gain) consistent with theoretical estimates of efficiency (Baldwin, 1968;Noblet et al, 2013). The same cannot be said of the solutions to MARC data, because b 1 × BW 0.75 represents 98% of ADFI and is unlikely to represent maintenance, as all animals, including growing cattle, must use ME consistent with the laws of thermodynamics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…For the same type of data, Lofgreen and Garrett (1968) reported a discrete estimate of 0.131 × BW 0.75 . Noblet et al (2013) found that, for animals fed near AL, d(fasting heat production)/dMEI was 0.13 in turkeys, 0.14 in pigs, and 0.23 in calves, whereas Labussière et al (2011) demonstrated that increased energy intake increased maintenance energy requirements in both pigs and calves. These latter data indicate that, unlike the assumption of a fixed maintenance in Model [1] and Lofgreen and Garrett (1968) and NRC (1984), maintenance is variable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Partitioning of feed intake into maintenance and gain in growing beef cattle: Evaluation of conventional and Bayesian analyses

Old¹,

Rossow

Famula

2015

Journal of Animal Science

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The robustness of efficiency estimates depends on theoretical consistency of models from which those estimates are developed; functional forms of the variables must be globally consistent with theoretical properties regarding feed utilization for maintenance and gain in growing and finishing cattle. Model parameter estimates and their dimensions must be unique or estimates of feed utilization and gain will not reflect reality. A linear equation commonly used to estimate daily DMI by the th individual animal (ADFI), based on mean weight and gain during a feeding period, was evaluated to determine if that model was correctly specified and if the vector predicted ADFI differed from the vector observed ADFI. Three independently gathered data sets were evaluated using a multiple linear regression model; variability described by that model failed to capture observed variability in the data (lack of fit, < 0.10), and predicted ADFI differed from observed ( < 0.05); for 1 of the 3 data sets, residuals were not normally distributed ( < 0.001). Functional forms of the variables in the first model evaluated, characterizing ADFI required for maintenance ( × BW) and gain ( × ADG), were consistent with neither published empirical nor theoretical relationships among ADFI, BW, and ADG. Parameter estimates determined for that linear model were not BLUE. Better fits among final BW, initial BW, and ADFI were found for a first-order relationship, in which final BW was a function of initial BW and ADFI, as indicated by > 0.90. The linear model and, to a lesser degree, the first nonlinear model lacked theoretical and global consistency. A second nonlinear model, which described retained energy as a function of ME intake, best fit the data, and functional forms of variables describing ME intake at maintenance and the efficiency of ME utilization for gain were consistent with theoretical estimates found in the literature. Changes in feed intake and live BW in linear and nonlinear models failed to adequately describe efficiencies of metabolic processes, which are better characterized by changes in retained energy as a function of ME intake in nonlinear models.

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“…During fasting, pigs mobilize body reserves resulting in a negative energy balance and, during a short duration of fasting, the fasting heat production may be related to the maintenance energy expenditure in the fed state [ 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, the fasting metabolism may, to some extent reflect, the metabolic components of maintenance in pigs [ 5 ]. A comparison between the fed and the fasted state will contribute to identify specific metabolic indicator of maintenance in pigs [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative analysis of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics profiling reveals alterations in energy metabolism between fed and fasted pigs

Liu

Chen

Ming

et al. 2018

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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BackgroundFasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves. However, the underlying metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure are not clear. This study investigated the differences in heat production (HP), respiratory quotient (RQ) and plasma metabolites in pigs in the fed and fasted state, using the techniques of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics.MethodsNine barrows (45.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were fed corn-soybean based meal diets and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 14 d. After 7 d adaptation, pigs were transferred to respiratory chambers to determine HP and RQ based on indirect calorimetry. Pigs were fed the diet at 2,400 kJ ME/(kg BW0.6·d) during d 8 to 12. The last 2 d were divided into 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting treatment, respectively. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava during the last 3 d (1 d while pigs were fed and 2 d during which they were fasted). The metabolites of plasma were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach.ResultsIndirect calorimetry analysis revealed that HP and RQ were no significant difference between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting, which were lower than those of fed state (P < 0.01). The nitrogen concentration of urine tended to decrease with fasting (P = 0.054). Metabolomics analysis between the fed and fasted state revealed differences in 15 compounds, most of which were not significantly different between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.ConclusionThese results suggest that the decreases in HP and RQ of growing pigs under fasting conditions were associated with the alterations of linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The integrative analysis also revealed that growing pigs under a 24-h fasting were more appropriate than a 48-h fasting to investigate the metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure.

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Fasting heat production and metabolic body size in non-ruminant growing farm animals

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers

Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers

Partitioning of feed intake into maintenance and gain in growing beef cattle: Evaluation of conventional and Bayesian analyses

Integrative analysis of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics profiling reveals alterations in energy metabolism between fed and fasted pigs

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