Fasting plasma glucose level in the range of 90–99 mg/dL and the risk of the onset of type 2 diabetes: Population‐based Panasonic cohort study 2

Abstract

Aim/Introduction As the association between a fasting glucose concentration of 90–99 mg/dL and the onset of type 2 diabetes is still controversial, we aimed to assess it in 37,148 Japanese individuals with a normal plasma glucose concentration. Materials and Methods This long‐term retrospective cohort study included individuals having a medical checkup at Panasonic Corporation from 2008 to 2018. In total, 1,028 participants developed type 2 diabetes. Results Cox regression analyses revealed that the risk for the onset of diabetes increased by 9.0% per 1 mg/dL increase in fasting plasma glucose concentration in subjects with the concentration ranging from 90 to 99 mg/dL. Compared with individuals with a fasting glucose concentration of ≤89 mg/dL, the adjusted hazard ratios for developing diabetes were 1.53 (95% CI; 1.22–1.91), 1.76 (95% CI; 1.41–2.18), 1.89 (95% CI; 1.52–2.35), 3.17 (95% CI; 2.61–3.84), and 3.41 (95% CI; 2.79–4.15) at fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 90–91, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97, and 98–99 mg/dL, respectively. In populations with obesity, the adjusted hazards ratios for developing diabetes were 1.56 (95% CI; 1.15–2.09), 1.82 (95% CI; 1.37–2.40), 2.05 (95% CI; 1.55–2.69), 3.53 (95% CI; 2.79–4.46), and 3.28 (95% CI; 2.53–4.22) at fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 90–91, 92–93, 94–95, 96–97, and 98–99 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the risk of type 2 diabetes among subjects having a fasting plasma glucose concentration of 90–99 mg/dL, is progressively higher with an increasing level of fasting plasma glucose concentration in a Japanese people.

J-shape relationship between normal fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: results from two cohort studies

“…Previous studies involving various populations exhibited similar results [ 11 – 21 ]. Tirosh et al [ 19 ] reported an increased risk of T2D when FPG rose 87 mg/dL (4.83 mmol/L) in a group of 13 163 men aged 26–45 years tested at the Israeli Ministry of Defense Medical Examination Centre.…”

“…However, the relationship between FPG 90–99 mg/dL (5–5.5 mmol/L) and T2D is controversial. Munekawa et al [ 21 ] suggested that this could be attributed to distinct ages or populations. Consequently, in 2021, they confirmed that FPG 90–99 mg/dL (5–5.5 mmol/L) is associated with an increased risk of T2D using adult physical examination data from the Matsushita cohort in Japan.…”

“…Previous studies revealed that individuals with higher FPG, even those with levels in the normal range, are more likely to develop T2D [ 11 – 21 ]. Nevertheless, previous studies have focused on specific populations (young men, young adults, adults aged ≥ 30 years, healthy workers, middle-aged, and older people aged > 40 years, and nonobese people) [ 11 – 20 ] or a definite fasting glucose range (5–5.5 mmol/L) [ 21 ]. To our knowledge, there is a lack of studies in the general adult population (age ≥ 18 years) are lacking.…”

Development, validation and visualization of a web-based nomogram for predicting risk of new-onset diabetes after percutaneous coronary intervention

“…Chun et al determined through univariate and multivariate regression analyses that the risk factors for NODAP include FPG level ≥ 100 mg/dL, TG level ≥ 150 mg/dL, high body mass index (BMI), and highintensity statins and that FPG is more influential than other factors 6 . FPG levels are significantly associated with the risk of diabetes 20 , and each 1 mg/dL increase in FPG leads to a 9% increase in the risk of diabetes, not only in patients with impaired fasting glucose, but also even in patients with normal FPG levels (90-99 mg/dL) 21 . 2 h postprandial glucose (2hPG) is also an indicator for detecting blood glucose levels, but studies have shown that the inclusion of 2hPG and insulin resistance in the prediction model did not significantly improve the predictive www.nature.com/scientificreports/ accuracy of the model 22,23 , and therefore NODAP risk prediction by incorporating a convenient and economical FPG is reliable and practical.…”

Effects of supplementation with milk protein on glycemic parameters: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

“…It is a potential target to enhance clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with acute disease, even without overt diabetes [ 5 ]. It has been suggested that each 1 mg/ dL increment in fasting glucose concentration may increase the risk of developing diabetes by 9% [ 6 ].…”