Fat distribution and plasma lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal women

Gower, BA; Nagy, TR; Goran, MI; Toth, MJ; Poehlman, E. T.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800633

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In addition, many of these studies have controlled for more crude measures of adiposity, such as weight or BMI (14,16,29). Even though we ran the analyses with and without controlling for total fat and total lean tissue, which we have previously shown (30,31) to influence glucose and insulin dynamics, one could argue that excess weight or adiposity is the mechanism in which breastfeeding affects type 2 diabetes risk factors; this suggests that investigators should examine the effects that breastfeeding has on both obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors with and without controlling for adiposity. In this study, breastfeeding was not associated with type 2 diabetes risk factors, as measured with OGTT or an FSIVGT test, with and without controlling for adiposity measures at baseline or across pubertal transitions.…”

Section: Results -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Breastfeeding on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors in Latino Youth With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE -To determine whether breastfeeding is related to total adiposity, regional adiposity, and glucose and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth throughout puberty. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The relation between breastfeeding and diabetes risk was determined in 240 overweight (BMI Ն85th percentile) Latino children (aged 8 -13 years) with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes. Children were examined at baseline (Tanner pubertal stage 1) and for 2 more years as they advanced in pubertal maturation. Children were divided into the following categories: never breastfed (n ϭ 102), breastfed 0 -5.99 months (n ϭ 61), breastfed 6 -11.99 months (n ϭ 24), and breastfed Ն12 months (n ϭ 53). Tanner pubertal stage was determined by physical examination. Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat were determined by magnetic resonance imagining, and total body fat, total lean tissue mass, and percent body fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting and postchallenge glucose were assessed with a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response (AIR), and disposition index ([DI] an index of ␤-cell function) were measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling.RESULTS -There were no significant effects of breastfeeding categories on adiposity (i.e., total fat mass, total lean tissue mass, percent body fat), fat distribution (visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat), fasting glucose or 2-h glucose, or insulin dynamics (SI, AIR, and DI) at Tanner pubertal stage 1 or on changes in these variables over pubertal transitions in overweight Latino youth.CONCLUSIONS -In this population of high-risk Latino youth, there were no significant protective effects of breastfeeding on adiposity or type 2 diabetes risk factors at Tanner pubertal stage 1 or across advances in maturation. Diabetes Care 30:784 -789, 2007W hether breastfeeding protects against obesity later in life is a controversial topic in literature. Some investigators have shown that breastfeeding has protective effects against childhood obesity (1-5), while others have not observed an association (6 -8). Moreover, the protective effect of breastfeeding may vary according to ethnicity (6,9,10). This debate may be hampered because of prior study designs in that the majority of studies have used either global measures of adiposity such as BMI or less accurate estimates of body composition such as skinfolds. To date, few studies have examined the effects of breastfeeding on general adiposity using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (11-13), and no study has examined the effects of breastfeeding on fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, no previous study has assessed the protective breastfeeding effects on adiposity or risk factors for type 2 diabetes across pubertal transition from Tanner stage 1 to 5.Recently, several investigators have demonstrated that breastfeeding was also protective ...

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Section: Results -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Breastfeeding on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors in Latino Youth With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2007

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“…He found that a predominance of fat in the upper body (android obesity) was associated with metabolic disturbances, while a predominance of fat in the lower body (gynoid obesity) was associated only with problems such as abdominal pressure and locomotor difficulty. Following menopause fat is increasingly deposited in the upper body region which is associated with low HDL-cholesterol, high apolipoprotein-B and high triglycerides 13 . Abdominal obesity has been linked to significant metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, and elevated TAG levels as well as increased incidence of hypertension, glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus.…”

Section: Volume 13 Issue 2 May 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) Between Postmenopausal Women with Central Obesity and Postmenopausal Nonobese Women

Khanam

Khan²,

Rahman

et al. 2014

Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J

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Background: Following menopause there are changes in values of lipid profile parameters. Abdominal obesity has also been linked to significant metabolic abnormalities including changes in lipid parameter values. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) calculated as log (TG/HDL-C) has been used as some practitioners as a significant predictor of atherosclerosis. So, we designed this study to observe the pattern of lipid profile parameters and to find out AIP in postmenopausal central obese women and to compare these between postmenopausal women with central obesity and postmenopausal nonobese women. Objectives: To assess the lipid profile status and AIP of postmenopausal women with central obesity and to compare these parameters with that of postmenopausal nonobese women. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sixty six postmenopausal women with central obesity and age matched 56 nonobese postmenopausal women were included in the study. Central obesity was defined having waist hip ratio more than 0.8 and BMI <25.0. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS 18.0. p values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Statistically no significant difference was observed between the central obese women and nonobese women in lipid profile parameters. But AIP was found significantly higher in postmenopausal central obese women. Conclusion: Central obese postmenopausal women may be at higher risk of cardiovascular events compared with postmenopausal nonobese women in spite of no difference in lipid profile parameters as their AIP values are significantly different.

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“…8,9 Because oxidative stress modulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) tone, a key determinant of large artery compliance, 10,11 we hypothesized that oxidative stress may contribute to the reduced large artery compliance of estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Moreover, because abdominal adiposity and LDL cholesterol levels are elevated in postmenopausal women 12,13 and associated with oxidative stress, 14,15 we determined whether these factors were related to oxidative stresslinked suppression of large artery compliance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ascorbic Acid Selectively Improves Large Elastic Artery Compliance in Postmenopausal Women

et al. 2005

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Abstract-The compliance of large elastic arteries in the cardiothoracic region decreases with advancing age/menopause and plays an important role in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. We determined whether oxidative stress contributes to the reduced large elastic artery compliance of postmenopausal women. Carotid artery compliance was measured during acute intravenous infusions of saline (baseline control) and supraphysiological doses of the potent antioxidant ascorbic acid in premenopausal (nϭ10; 23Ϯ1; meanϮSE) and estrogen-deficient postmenopausal (nϭ21; 55Ϯ1 years) healthy sedentary women. Carotid artery compliance was 56% lower in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women during baseline control (PϽ0.0001 ). Carotid artery diameter, blood pressure, and heart rate were unaffected by ascorbic acid. In the pooled population, the change in arterial compliance with ascorbic acid correlated with baseline waist-to-hip ratio (rϭ0.56; Pϭ0.001), plasma norepinephrine (rϭ0.58; Pϭ0.001), and LDL cholesterol (rϭ0.54; Pϭ0.001). These results suggest that oxidative stress may be an important mechanism contributing to the reduced large elastic artery compliance of sedentary, estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Increased abdominal fat storage, sympathetic nervous system activity, and LDL cholesterol may be mechanistically involved in oxidative stress-associated suppression of arterial compliance in postmenopausal women. Key Words: aging Ⅲ cholesterol Ⅲ oxidative stress C ardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women in the United States. 1 "Vascular aging" has been emphasized recently as the major risk factor for development of CVD. 2 One clinically important change that occurs with vascular aging is a reduction in the compliance of large elastic arteries within the cardiothoracic region. In turn, this contributes to a number of adverse age-associated changes, including increased aortic impedance, left ventricular hypertrophy, and reduced cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. [2][3][4] As such, identifying the mechanisms that contribute to reduced large elastic artery compliance with age is an important goal. 2 Cardiovascular aging in women is unique in that it appears to be delayed or occurs at a slower rate than in men during the premenopausal years, thereafter "catching up" with men during the postmenopausal period, particularly in estrogendeficient women. [5][6][7] The mechanisms underlying the accelerated cardiovascular aging of estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women are unclear but could be related in part to the development of oxidative stress. Markers of oxidative stress are higher and endogenous antioxidant defenses lower in some estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal controls. 8,9 Because oxidative stress modulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) tone, a key determinant of large artery compliance, 10,11 we hypothesized that oxidative stress may contribute to the reduced large artery compliance of estrogen-defic...

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Fat distribution and plasma lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal women

Cited by 39 publications

References 35 publications

Influence of Breastfeeding on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors in Latino Youth With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

Influence of Breastfeeding on Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors in Latino Youth With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

Comparison of Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) Between Postmenopausal Women with Central Obesity and Postmenopausal Nonobese Women

Ascorbic Acid Selectively Improves Large Elastic Artery Compliance in Postmenopausal Women

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