Fat Embolism Syndrome

Abstract

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Fat Embolism Syndrome – Three Case Reports and Review of the Literature

“…The biochemical theory or mechanism explains that destabilization of a plasma chylomicronemulsion lead stocoalescence off at stores. Subsequently, degradation of embolized fat into toxic intermediaries (free fatty acids and Creactive protein) results in the development of FES [9]. The incidence of FES ranges from <1 to 29% and it varies considerably according to the cause.…”

Rapamycin Alleviated the Symptoms of Fat Embolism Syndrome by Modulating Autophagy in a Rat Model

“…In short, mechanical embolism theory was thought that the fat particles in the venous circulation resulting the vascular blockage, pulmonary embolism and further, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, arteriovenous shunt and alveolar hypoperfusion. Biochemical damage theory believed that fat embolus in blood format glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) and resulted the diffuse interstitial pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, amplified inflammatory response and more serious, interstitial bleeding, edema, chemical pneumonia [3,7]. Thus, we are urgent to further investigate the real comprehensive mechanism of FES.…”

“…Fat embolism syndrome (FES), defined as fat within the circulation, happen after trauma, surgery and fat emulsion input and in other clinical conditions [1][2][3]. Documents reported that FES often occurred in non-traumatic patients, such as acute pregnancy fatty liver, heat stroke, alcoholism, sickle red blood cell anemia, liver necrosis and diabetes [4][5][6].…”

“…Documents reported that FES often occurred in non-traumatic patients, such as acute pregnancy fatty liver, heat stroke, alcoholism, sickle red blood cell anemia, liver necrosis and diabetes [4][5][6]. Clinically, FES can lead to serious pulmonary injury, such as ARDS, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, arteriovenous shunt and alveolar hypo-perfusion, interstitial hemorrhage, edema, chemical pneumonia and death [3,6,7] Nowadays, although various methods were employed for treatment of clinical FES, such as early fixation, injury control orthopedics (IVO), extracorporeal membrane lungs and drugs, but the mortality rate still up to 20% [8,9]. Research reported that several animal models for FES were constructed to investigate the mechanism of FES, but the mechanisms of FES remain largely unclear [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Fat Embolism Syndrome after Lower Extremity Fracture

“…Respiratory rate >30/min 1 to hypoxemia and fat embolism to the brain vessels (9). The pathophysiological mechanism of FES is still unclear, although there are some theories to explain the mechanism, such as the mechanical theory proposed by Gauss (1).…”