Fat-free mass and glucose homeostasis: is greater fat-free mass an independent predictor of insulin resistance?

Ghachem, Ahmed; Lagacé, Jean‐Christophe; Brochu, Martin

doi:10.1007/s40520-018-0993-y

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In fact, IFG and IFG-IGT groups displayed higher FFM (absolute and adjusted for height) compared with NGT and IGT groups. This important result is supported by previous findings by our group and others, 19,26,27 although mechanisms that may explain this association are not well understood at this point. For example, Lebon and colleagues suggested that accumulations of intramuscular adipose tissue (particularly diacylglycerides and ceramides) and the reduced ability of muscles to oxidize lipids (which induces an alteration of the insulin signaling cascade in skeletal muscle) are negatively associated with insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Differential clusters of modifiable risk factors for impaired fasting glucose versus impaired glucose tolerance in adults 50 years of age and older

Ghachem

Brochu

2019

Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease

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Background: The aim of this study was to identify modifiable risk factors associated with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolate impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or combined IFG-IGT in men and women aged 50 years and older. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed in 703 men and women aged between 50 and 80 years old from NHANES (2007–2008). Outcome variables: IFG and IGT (ADA 2003), estimated body composition, cardiometabolic profile, and socio-demographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Results: First, 235 had normal glucose tolerance (men = 38.3%, women = 61.7%), 243 had IFG (men = 61.7%, women = 38.3%), 67 had IGT (men = 40.3%, women = 59.7%) and 158 had both conditions (men = 57.0%, women = 43.0%). The only common determinant of both IFG and IGT was triglyceride levels. High total fat mass index (FMI) and high total fat-free mass index (FFMI) were independently associated with IFG; while high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were independently associated with IGT. Finally, combined IFG-IGT was associated with inadequate fiber intake, high FMI, FFMI, and CRP levels. Conclusions: Middle-age and older individuals presented different modifiable risk factors depending on whether they had IFG or IGT. IFG was associated with deteriorated body composition and lipids, whereas IGT was associated with deteriorated lipids and inflammatory factors. IFG-IGT, on the other hand, was associated with a larger number of risk factors, including worsen body composition, cardiometabolic and dietary factors. To prevent the transition to type 2 diabetes, specific clinical interventions targeting these risk factors should be considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Differential clusters of modifiable risk factors for impaired fasting glucose versus impaired glucose tolerance in adults 50 years of age and older

Ghachem

Brochu

2019

Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease

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“…Human body is composed of fat mass and fat free mass. Body composition is different by sex and age and this difference is determined by the androgens level [22]. Apart from BMI, among women with PCOS, there is a high prevalence of upper-body obesity, as shown by increased waist circumference and waist-hip ratio as compared to the BMI-matched control women [23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance and high molecular weight adiponectin in obese and non-obese patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

2021

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Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among young women. Insulin resistance is a key feature in the pathogenesis of PCOS; also high molecular weight adiponectin is a marker of insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insulin resistance, metabolic and androgenic profiles and high molecular weight adiponectin in obese and non-obese PCOS patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study in outpatient endocrinology clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 80 women aged 17–43 years old with PCOS were enrolled. Biochemical and hormonal assay was done on fasting blood sample on the third day of follicular phase. Results The individuals had a mean age of 28.39 ± 6.56 years, mean weight of 65.41 ± 12.59 Kg, mean BMI of 25.5 ± 4.9, and mean waist circumference of 88.0 ± 13.1 cm. Of all individuals 20% had frank insulin resistance with HOMA-IR > 3.8. Although the obese PCOS patients had lower levels of high molecular weight adiponectin (P = 0.03) than the normal weight PCOS individuals, the level of insulin and insulin resistance was not different in them (P = 0.13, 0.13). Patients with classic PCOS phenotype significantly had higher levels of insulin resistance and free androgen index (P < 0.001, 0.001). We found a significant correlation between the insulin level and free androgen index (correlation coefficient: 0.266 and P = 0.018) after adjusting for BMI. Conclusion This cross-sectional study showed a high incidence of insulin resistance in PCOS patients independent of obesity, and determined BMI related lower level of high molecular weight adiponectin in obese PCOS individuals. More detailed studies are warranted for evaluation of insulin resistance and its pathophysiologic role in PCOS.

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“…This may suggest a “ceiling effect” at a certain level of SM, wherein adding muscle mass does not provide further metabolic advantage. In line with this, a study from Ghachem et al (2019) has identified a cut-off point of appendicular muscle mass index [7.02 muscle mass (kg)/height (m) 2 ] in sedentary older women above which IS is significantly reduced( Ghachem et al, 2019 ). Fukushima et al (2016) using a 6-month mixed-exercise and nutritional intervention in 92 middle-aged obese women found that fasting insulin and glucose decreased in those whose SM mass index (kg/m 2 ) also decreased over the course of the intervention ( Fukushima et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Narrative Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 93%

Exercising for Insulin Sensitivity – Is There a Mechanistic Relationship With Quantitative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass?

et al. 2021

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Skeletal muscle (SM) tissue has been repetitively shown to play a major role in whole-body glucose homeostasis and overall metabolic health. Hence, SM hypertrophy through resistance training (RT) has been suggested to be favorable to glucose homeostasis in different populations, from young healthy to type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. While RT has been shown to contribute to improved metabolic health, including insulin sensitivity surrogates, in multiple studies, a universal understanding of a mechanistic explanation is currently lacking. Furthermore, exercised-improved glucose homeostasis and quantitative changes of SM mass have been hypothesized to be concurrent but not necessarily causally associated. With a straightforward focus on exercise interventions, this narrative review aims to highlight the current level of evidence of the impact of SM hypertrophy on glucose homeostasis, as well various mechanisms that are likely to explain those effects. These mechanistic insights could provide a strengthened rationale for future research assessing alternative RT strategies to the current classical modalities, such as low-load, high repetition RT or high-volume circuit-style RT, in metabolically impaired populations.

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Fat-free mass and glucose homeostasis: is greater fat-free mass an independent predictor of insulin resistance?

Abstract: Independently of age, a greater aFFMI was an independent predictor of IR. These results suggest revisiting how we envision the link between FFM and IR and explore potential mechanisms.

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Differential clusters of modifiable risk factors for impaired fasting glucose versus impaired glucose tolerance in adults 50 years of age and older

Differential clusters of modifiable risk factors for impaired fasting glucose versus impaired glucose tolerance in adults 50 years of age and older

Insulin resistance and high molecular weight adiponectin in obese and non-obese patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Exercising for Insulin Sensitivity – Is There a Mechanistic Relationship With Quantitative Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass?

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