Fat intake is more strongly associated with lifestyle factors than with socio-economic characteristics, regardless of energy adjustment approach

Abstract

Objective: To compare how three different energy adjustment approaches in¯uence the ranking of individuals on fat intake, and to examine the relation between fat intake and socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle characteristics for each energy adjustment approach. Design: A cross-sectional analysis project, using a sub-sample (7055 women and 3240 men) from the Malmo È Diet and Cancer Study. Dietary habits were assessed with an interview based diet history method. Fat intake was, depending on energy-adjustment method, de®ned as absolute intake (FATg), percentage energy from fat (FAT%), and residuals from total fat regressed on total energy (FATres). Cross-classi®cation compared categorisation into fat intake quintiles. Logistic regression estimated, separately for each of the three approaches, the associations between high fat intake and socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Agreement in individuals' ranking was high between FAT% and FATres, but FATg differed substantially from the others. Current smoking, low level of leisure time physical activity and low alcohol intakes were, in multivariate analysis, consistently associated with risk of high fat consumption regardless of energy adjustment method. However, the associations with socio-economic characteristics varied with energy adjustment method and gender groups. Conclusions: The similarities between FAT% and FATres, in the ranking of individuals and in the association with lifestyle factors and socio-economic characteristics implies that it is possible to translate results obtained with FATres to recommendations using FAT%. The consistent lifestyle pattern across fat intake de®nitions (in energy adjusted models) may indicate that fat consumption is more strongly related to lifestyle factors than to socioeconomic characteristics.

Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk of cardiovascular diseases: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

“…Longterm physical activity and healthy eating habits have previously been shown to correlate among these same subjects (Raitakari et al, 1994), and also in other European studies (Eaton et al, 1995;Johansson et al, 1999). In a study carried out in Sweden, lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption, were strong determinants of fat intake (Mattisson et al, 2001). Surprisingly, level of education had no significant influence on the quality of diet.…”

Intakes of plant foods, fibre and fat and risk of breast cancer – a prospective study in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort

“…The mean daily intakes of food were calculated and converted to energy and nutrient intakes using PCKost2-93 from the National Food Administration in Uppsala, Sweden. The MDC method is described in detail elsewhere (Mattisson et al, 2001;Wirfält et al, 2002b). The relative validity of the MDC method was evaluated in a sample of Malmö residents, 105 women and 101 men, 50 -69 years old, using 3 days of weighed records every other month during a year, as a reference method.…”

Incidence of Diabetes in Middle-Aged Men Is Related to Sleep Disturbances

“…A follow-up of a subgroup of these men was conducted in 1994 -1996 in another screening investigation called the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) study (17). The mean time between initial testing and this follow-up was 15 years (range [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The primary aim of the original project, the methodology and general results of which have been described earlier (15,16), had been to find high-risk individuals for preventive interventions directed at cardiovascular disease, diabetes,…”

“…At follow-up, a questionnaire adapted from the Minnesota Leisure Physical Activity Questionnaire and used in Malmö previously (19) was used. It contained questions concerning 18 different physical activities that differed for the four seasons of the year.…”

“…It contained questions concerning 18 different physical activities that differed for the four seasons of the year. The overall leisure time physical activity score obtained was used as a continuous variable (19).…”