Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk

Lammi‐Keefe, Carol J.; Jensen, Robert G.

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1984.tb02264.x

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The fatty acid composition of the three study formulas is shown in Table 1. The 6-to-3 fatty acid ratios ranged between 8 to 1 and 10 to 1 and were comparable with values reported for human milk (23,35,36). The target concentrations for DHA (0.30-0.36% of total fatty acids) and AA (0.60-0.72%) in the current experimental formulas were based on our previous analysis of human milk (23) and literature reports of human milk fatty acid profiles in various populations (35,36).…”

Section: Dietssupporting

confidence: 83%

Impact of Early Dietary Intake and Blood Lipid Composition of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Later Visual Development

Hoffman,

Birch,

Birch

et al. 2000

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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BackgroundIn contrast to human milk, current infant formulas in the United States do not contain ω3 and ω6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This may lead to suboptimal blood lipid fatty acid profiles and to a measurable diminution of visual function in developing term infants. The need for docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid supplementation in the infant diet was evaluated in a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial.MethodsHealthy term infants were randomized to diets of (1) commercial formula, (2) docosahexaenoic acid–enriched formula (0.35% of total fatty acids), or (3) docosahexaenoic acid– (0.36%) and arachidonic acid– (0.72%) enriched formula. Eighty‐seven infants completed the 17‐week nutritional trial, and 58 were observed until 52 weeks of life. A reference group was exclusively breast fed for at least 17 weeks (n = 29). Outcome measures included electroretinographic responses, visual evoked potentials, and blood fatty acid analysis in infants at birth and at 6, 17, and 52 weeks of age.ResultsCommercial formula‐fed infants had 30% to 50% lower content of docosahexaenoic acid in total red blood cell lipids during the 17‐week feeding trial compared with breast‐fed infants. Significant differences persisted at the 1‐year follow‐up. Arachidonic acid content was consistently reduced in the commercial formula group by 15% to 20%. Infants fed long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid–enriched formulas had docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid blood lipid profiles resembling those of human milk‐fed infants. Infants receiving this enriched formula had more mature electroretinographic responses than commercial formula‐fed infants at 6 weeks of age. Human milk‐fed and docosahexaenoic acid‐enriched formula‐fed infants had better visual acuity than commercial formula‐fed infants at both 17 and 52 weeks of age. Early (17‐week) fatty acid profiles in blood lipids were correlated with later (52‐week) visual function development in study infants.ConclusionsResults from this clinical trial demonstrate that long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in term infants produces blood lipid fatty acid profiles that are similar to those observed in breast‐fed infants. This supplementation leads to better visual function later in life (i.e., 1 year of age) than that shown by infants fed commercial formula.

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Section: Dietssupporting

confidence: 83%

Impact of Early Dietary Intake and Blood Lipid Composition of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Later Visual Development

Hoffman,

Birch,

Birch

et al. 2000

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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“…43 In this study, Ortega et al 43 found that 33% of mothers had intake below the recommended intake. Moreover, multiple reviews 15,39,[44][45][46] reported that in population studies that included women with adequate dietary vitamin A intake as well as women with suboptimal vitamin A intake, alterations in breast milk vitamin A content were seen depending on extremes in vitamin A intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Composition of Hindmilk Produced by Mothers of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born at Less Than 28 Weeks' Gestation

et al. 2008

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The objectives of this study were to describe and compare retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol, fat, energy, and nitrogen concentrations between the foremilk and hindmilk fractions of 24-hour milk collected by 24 mothers of very preterm (< 28 weeks' gestation) infants and to relate milk vitamins A and E content to maternal vitamin intake. Concentrations of retinol were significantly higher in hindmilk than in foremilk (1.6-fold), as were concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (1.6-fold), gamma-tocopherol (1.5-fold), fat (1.7-fold), energy (1.3-fold), and nitrogen (1.05-fold). Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol were positively related (P < .05) to milk fat and energy but not to maternal intake. Estimates of vitamins A and E intakes of infants fed hindmilk with added human milk fortifier surpassed current recommended upper level of intakes. The higher fat-soluble vitamin content of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants needs to be considered in the design and recommendations for use of human milk fortifier.

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“…Forms of vitamin A in human milk include retinol, retinyl esters, and β-carotene (165,166). Early approaches for measuring this fat-soluble vitamin in human milk describe colorimetric assays.…”

Section: Vitamin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrients in Human Milk: Analytical Methods

Hampel

Dror

Allen

2018

Advances in Nutrition

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Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by the WHO for the first 6 mo of life because human milk protects against gastrointestinal infections and supplies balanced and adequate nutrient contents to the infant. However, reliable data on micronutrient concentrations in human milk are sparse, especially because some micronutrients are affected by maternal diet. Microbiological and competitive protein-binding assays, nuclear magnetic resonance or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and chromatographic analyses are among the methods that have been applied to human-milk micronutrient analysis. However, the validation or evaluation of analytical methods in terms of their suitability for the complex human-milk matrix has been commonly ignored in reports, even though the human-milk matrix differs vastly from blood, plasma, or urine matrixes. Thus, information on the validity, accuracy, and sensitivity of the methods is essential for the estimation of infant and maternal intake requirements to support and maintain adequate milk micronutrient concentrations for healthy infant growth and development. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on methods used for analyzing water- and fat-soluble vitamins as well as iron, copper, zinc, iodine, and selenium in human milk and their different forms in milk; the tools available for quality control and assurance; and guidance for preanalytical considerations. Finally, we recommend preferred methodologic approaches for analysis of specific milk micronutrients.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk

Cited by 22 publications

References 50 publications

Impact of Early Dietary Intake and Blood Lipid Composition of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Later Visual Development

Impact of Early Dietary Intake and Blood Lipid Composition of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Later Visual Development

Nutrient Composition of Hindmilk Produced by Mothers of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born at Less Than 28 Weeks' Gestation

Micronutrients in Human Milk: Analytical Methods

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