Fatal Cutaneous Mycosis in Tentacled Snakes (Erpeton Tentaculatum) Caused by the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis Vriesii

Bertelsen, Mads F.; Crawshaw, Graham J.; Sigler, Lynne; Smith, Dale A.

doi:10.1638/04-020

Cited by 51 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…In young cultures, arthroconidia are frequently present in mucoid-to-glabrous colonies in which yeast-like budding is present. In tissues, arthroconidia occur in the stratum corneum or deeper in the epidermis, or in characteristic aggregates or tufts at the surface of lesions (3,4,19,24). In an experimental evaluation of pathogenicity, 12 of 20 (60%) healthy veiled chameleons developed histologically confirmed lesions following the application of N. dermatitidis conidia directly to intact or abraded skin (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Etymology: crusty (lesion). Notes: P. crustacea caused fatal dermatitis in four captive tentacled snakes (24). On the surface of the ulcers was a crust of cellular debris containing clusters of arthroconidia.…”

Section: An Isolate Causing a Brain Infection In An Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(15), sungazers (Cordylus giganteus) (16), brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) (17), leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) (18), terrestrial and aquatic snakes, including brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) (19), a garter snake (Thamnophis sp.) (20), green anaconda (Eunectes murinus murinus) (21), boa constrictor (Boa constrictor constrictor) (22), broad-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) (23), eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) (5), tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum) (24), and saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) (25). Additional isolates have been obtained from skin or deep dermal lesions in a corn snake (Elaphe guttata), a milk snake (Lampropeltis sp.…”

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Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

2013

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In recent years, the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV), Chrysosporium guarroi, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola, and Chrysosporium species have been reported as the causes of dermal or deep lesions in reptiles. These infections are contagious and often fatal and affect both captive and wild animals. Forty-nine CANV isolates from reptiles and six isolates from human sources were compared with N. vriesii based on their cultural characteristics and DNA sequence data. Analyses of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal gene revealed that the reptile pathogens and human isolates belong in well-supported clades corresponding to three lineages that are distinct from all other taxa within the family Onygenaceae of the order Onygenales. One lineage represents the genus Nannizziopsis and comprises N. vriesii, N. guarroi, and six additional species encompassing isolates from chameleons and geckos, crocodiles, agamid and iguanid lizards, and humans. Two other lineages comprise the genus Ophidiomyces, with the species Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola occurring only in snakes, and Paranannizziopsis gen. nov., with three new species infecting squamates and tuataras. The newly described species are Nannizziopsis dermatitidis, Nannizziopsis crocodili, Nannizziopsis barbata, Nannizziopsis infrequens, Nannizziopsis hominis, Nannizziopsis obscura, Paranannizziopsis australasiensis, Paranannizziopsis californiensis, and Paranannizziopsis crustacea. Chrysosporium longisporum has been reclassified as Paranannizziopsis longispora. N. guarroi causes yellow fungus disease, a common infection in bearded dragons and green iguanas, and O. ophiodiicola is an emerging pathogen of captive and wild snakes. Human-associated species were not recovered from reptiles, and reptile-associated species were recovered only from reptiles, thereby mitigating concerns related to zoonosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Isolate Causing a Brain Infection In An Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

2013

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“…The Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii has been isolated from cases of dermatitis in snakes (2,15), chameleons (9), crocodiles (13), and bearded dragons (3) and from a nasal granuloma in an Ameiva lizard (8). In a recent report, a Chrysosporium species related to Nannizziopsis vriesii was isolated from a case of cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis from two green iguanas (1).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of a New Fungal Species, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola , from a Mycotic Granuloma of a Black Rat Snake ( Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta )

Rajeev

Sutton²,

Wickes

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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Isolation and characterization of the new species Chrysosporium ophiodiicola from a mycotic granuloma of a black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) are reported. Analysis of the sequences of different fragments of the ribosomal genes demonstrated that this species belongs to the Onygenales and that this species is genetically different from other morphologically similar species of Chrysosporium. This new species is unique in having both narrow and cylindrical-to-slightly clavate conidia and a strong, pungent odor. CASE REPORTA black, male rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) of undetermined age was presented with a history of prolonged anorexia and slow-growing facial masses. The snake was found as an adult at an old home site in an old barn near Sparta, GA, by the current owner, a wildlife educator. The snake had been in his possession for 4 years and was frequently used in public educational performances in the southeast. Upon presentation, the snake had a 1-cm by 1.5-cm subcutaneous, longitudinally ovoid swelling overlying his right ventral mandible area (Fig. 1A). He also had a 1-cm swelling overlying his right eye and extending down into the orbit, displacing the eyeball laterally and displacing the palate and dorsal limit of the choana ventrally. The masses were lobular, whitish in appearance, and enclosed in a thin capsule. The submandibular mass was removed in its entirety, as its capsule was very discrete. The other mass was very friable and locally extensive. Both masses were surgically removed and submitted for histopathological examination and culture. Not all portions of the second mass could be completely removed, due to the location of this mass, but the area enclosing it was debrided. At the time of surgery, the snake was treated with meloxicam (Metacam; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, MO) at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight once a day and enrofloxacin (Baytril; Bayer HealthCare, LLC, Animal Health Division, Shawnee Mission, KS) at a dose of 5 mg/kg twice a day. This was continued until the histopathology report indicating a fungal infection was received. Enrofloxacin was discontinued, and ketoconazole was initiated. A single oral administration of ketoconazole (Apotex, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada) at 50 mg/kg was administered daily. The snake was kept at 29.5°C and was tube fed Hill's a/d prescription diet (Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS) A/D at 25 ml every 3 days. There was a moderate amount of postoperative swelling at the incision over the orbit. This was treated with warm wet compresses daily, and the swelling decreased. The snake passed away 2 months after surgery.The histopathological evaluation and primary culture were performed at the University of Georgia, Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, Tifton, GA. Both masses consisted of multifocal-to-coalescing granulomas. The granulomas had central regions of amorphous eosinophilic and occasional cellular debris, surrounded by an inflammatory cell infiltrate consisting of histiocytes, lymphocyt...

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“…While infections have been observed with great frequency in pitvipers (Cheatwood et al, 2003;Allender et al, 2011;Clark et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2013;Tetzlaff et al, 2015), there are numerous reports of CANV or SFD in nonvenomous colubrid snakes (Jacobson, 1980;Vissiennon et al, 1999;Nichols et al, 1999;Bertelsen et al, 2005;Rajeev et al, 2009;Dolinski et al, 2014). The manifestation of SFD in North American colubrids snakes is variable and has included pneumonia, ocular infections, and subcutaneous nodules (Rajeev et al, 2009;Sleeman, 2013;Dolinski et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The natural history, ecology, and epidemiology of Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and its potential impact on free-ranging snake populations

et al. 2015

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Fatal Cutaneous Mycosis in Tentacled Snakes (Erpeton Tentaculatum) Caused by the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis Vriesii

Cited by 51 publications

References 2 publications

Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

Isolation and Characterization of a New Fungal Species, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola , from a Mycotic Granuloma of a Black Rat Snake ( Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta )

The natural history, ecology, and epidemiology of Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and its potential impact on free-ranging snake populations

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