Males of several seal species are known to show aggressive copulating behaviour, which can lead to injuries to or suffocation of females. In the North Sea, grey seal predation on harbour seals including sexual harassment is documented and represents violent interspecific interaction. In this case series, we report pathological and molecular/genetic findings of 11 adult female harbour seals which were found dead in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, within 41 days. Several organs of all animals showed haemorrhages and high loads of bacteria, indicating their septic spread. All females were pregnant or had recently been pregnant. Abortion was confirmed in three cases. Lacerations were seen in the uterus and vagina in six cases, in which histology of three individuals revealed severe suppurative inflammation with intralesional spermatozoa. Molecular analysis of vaginal swabs and paraffinembedded samples of the vagina identified grey seal DNA, suggesting violent interspecific sexual interaction with fatal outcome due to septicaemia. This is the first report of female harbour seals dying after coercive copulation by a male grey seal in the Wadden Sea. There are three main forms of how males sexually coerce females in animal societies: intimidation (punishment for denial of mating), harassment (increase of costs for females if they refuse to mate) and forced copulation (use of superior speed or physical strength to copulate with the female by force) 1. Sexual coercion is widely distributed among animal clades and seen in birds 2,3 , mammals 4,5 and invertebrates 6,7. Coercive behaviour of males reflects the competition for limited resources, in this case fertile females 8. It may be more common among species with polygynous mating systems 9 , including pinnipeds, where the dominance over a harem results in a substantial breeding reward for the male 10-12. Harassment and mating attempts can result in injuries to the females, such as bite wounds, mostly in the region of the face and the neck 12. Suffocation by being crushed by substantially larger males may even lead to death, as witnessed in New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) 13. Such aggression seen in adult male pinnipeds is usually focused on conspecifics and are mainly displayed in land breeding species like otariids and some phocids including grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and elephant seals (Mirounga spp.) 14. Hybrids as the result of interspecific mating among sympatric species are not uncommon in the animal kingdom 15,16. Anatomical features and behavioural aspects including mate choice and reproductive competition may represent important limitations for such interspecies events 15,16. In most species, the female choice of a mating partner is considered to be a main factor to avoid hybridisation, reflecting their higher fitness and reproductive costs 16. In marine mammal polygynous mating systems though, the male dominates the mate choice, whereas the female contribution can be regarded as minor 17. Behavioural indicators for female receptivity in marine mamm...