Fate and distribution of fipronil on companion animals and in their indoor residences following spot-on flea treatments

Dyk, Melinda Bigelow; Liu, Yu; Chen, Zhenshan; Vega, Helen; Krieger, Robert I.

doi:10.1080/03601234.2012.706548

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, many flea and tick topical products contain approximately 10% fipronil and are applied directly to the skin and fur of dogs and cats, leading to human exposure through direct contact with pets. Dyk et al (2012) used a fluorescent indicator to show that these fipronil residues are easily transferred from pets to humans by way of direct contact for one week following application (Dyk et al, 2012). According to estimates from the American Humane Association, up to 46% and 39% of US households keep dogs and cats, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be because human samples can be difficult to obtain and analyze due to high concentrations of endogenous chemicals and significant matrix effects which make the identification of metabolites difficult. Literature on the potential routes of human exposure includes one article by Dyk et al that describes the potential for non-occupational human exposure through contact with pets that have received fipronil applications in the form of flea and tick treatments (Dyk et al, 2012), and a few other studies that have observed fipronil in various environmental media relevant to human exposure (indoor/outdoor dust Mahler et al, 2009, wastewater Stone et al, 2014, surface water Ryberg et al, 2010; Stone et al, 2014 and residential runoff Gan et al, 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of fipronil metabolites by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for application in a human exposure study

McMahen

Strynar

Dagnino

et al. 2015

Environment International

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Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide commonly used in residential and agricultural applications. To understand more about the potential risks for human exposure associated with fipronil, urine and serum from dosed Long Evans adult rats (5 and 10 mg/kg bw) were analyzed to identify metabolites as potential biomarkers for use in human biomonitoring studies. Urine from treated rats was found to contain seven unique metabolites, two of which had not been previously reported—M4 and M7 which were putatively identified as a nitroso compound and an imine, respectively. Fipronil sulfone was confirmed to be the primary metabolite in rat serum. The fipronil metabolites identified in the respective matrices were then evaluated in matched human urine (n = 84) and serum (n = 96) samples from volunteers with no known pesticide exposures. Although no fipronil or metabolites were detected in human urine, fipronil sulfone was present in the serum of approximately 25% of the individuals at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 4 ng/mL. These results indicate that many fipronil metabolites are produced following exposures in rats and that fipronil sulfone is a useful biomarker in human serum. Furthermore, human exposure to fipronil may occur regularly and require more extensive characterization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of fipronil metabolites by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for application in a human exposure study

McMahen

Strynar

Dagnino

et al. 2015

Environment International

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“…Hair clippings of brushing of dogs treated with fipronil spot-on had <10% of the fipronil applied to the animal [ 441 ]. Low levels were found on human gloves after petting the animals.…”

Section: Toxicology Of Ectoparasiticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review

Rust

2017

Insects

114

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The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. It has been two decades since the last comprehensive review concerning the biology and ecology of C. f. felis and its management. Since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the diseases associated with C. f. felis and their implications for humans and their pets. Two rickettsial diseases, flea-borne spotted fever and murine typhus, have been identified in domestic animal populations and cat fleas. Cat fleas are the primary vector of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) with the spread of the bacteria when flea feces are scratched in to bites or wounds. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) common in dogs and cats has been successfully treated and tapeworm infestations prevented with a number of new products being used to control fleas. There has been a continuous development of new products with novel chemistries that have focused on increased convenience and the control of fleas and other arthropod ectoparasites. The possibility of feral animals serving as potential reservoirs for flea infestations has taken on additional importance because of the lack of effective environmental controls in recent years. Physiological insecticide resistance in C. f. felis continues to be of concern, especially because pyrethroid resistance now appears to be more widespread. In spite of their broad use since 1994, there is little evidence that resistance has developed to many of the on-animal or oral treatments such as fipronil, imidacloprid or lufenuron. Reports of the perceived lack of performance of some of the new on-animal therapies have been attributed to compliance issues and their misuse. Consequentially, there is a continuing need for consumer awareness of products registered for cats and dogs and their safety.

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“…Environmental conditions dictate the metabolic pathway of the parent compound to form fipronil sulfone (“sulfone”) through oxidative processes, fipronil desulfinyl (“desulfinyl”) through photolytic transformation, fipronil amide (“amide”) through hydrolytic process, fipronil sulfide (“sulfide”) through anaerobic reduction, or fipronil desulfinyl amide either aerobically in soils or by hydrolysis under basic conditions (Gunasekara et al, 2007; Dyk et al, 2012). All degradates are generally more persistent than fipronil in stream sediments, with half‐lives ranging from 195 to 598 d (Lin et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Monitoring Fipronil and Degradates in California Surface Waters, 2008-2013

et al. 2015

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The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil has become a popular replacement pest management tool as organophosphorus insecticides have been phased out for residential use and pyrethroids have come under scrutiny as a surface water contaminant. There has been an increasing concern of offsite transport of fipronil to surrounding surface waters and a corresponding increase in potential toxicity to aquatic organisms. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation Environmental Monitoring Program has collected over 500 urban surface water samples throughout California since 2008 to determine the presence and concentrations of fipronil and five degradate products. Statewide, fipronil was detected at high frequency (49%), as were the sulfone (43%) and desulfinyl (33%) degradates. Data collected at long-term monitoring stations indicate higher concentrations in southern California, corresponding to a higher use pattern in the region. There is a clear pattern of increased transport of fipronil with higher flow associated with rain events. However, the lack of seasonality effects on degradates' concentrations suggest a constant source of fipronil with a corresponding lag time of transport to surface waters during the dry season. Receiving waters had a diluting effect on concentrations; however, a significant proportion (46%) of receiving water samples had associated fipronil concentrations above USEPA aquatic life chronic benchmark values. Total mass loading estimates from a long-term monitoring site suggest that the annual fipronil loading is greater in the dry season than during storm events. This could have implications for future mitigation efforts because most runoff during this period was generated from irrigation and outdoor residential use.

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Fate and distribution of fipronil on companion animals and in their indoor residences following spot-on flea treatments

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Identification of fipronil metabolites by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for application in a human exposure study

Identification of fipronil metabolites by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for application in a human exposure study

The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review

Monitoring Fipronil and Degradates in California Surface Waters, 2008-2013

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