2017
DOI: 10.1515/eces-2017-0006
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Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Illegal Drugs Present in Drinking Water and Wastewater

Abstract: Rapid development of pharmaceutical industry, and thus widespread availability of different types of therapeutical and increased intake of pharmaceuticals, results in elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater subjected to treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Pharmaceuticals present in raw wastewater discharged from hospitals, households, veterinary and health care clinics eventually end up in wastewater treatment plants. Commonly applied methods for treating wastewater do not allo… Show more

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Cited by 36 publications
(26 citation statements)
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References 103 publications
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“…Thermal conversion of biomass through pyrolysis allows production of materials that can be used for a wide range of applications that provide solutions to the most pressing environmental problems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, the properties of biochars will determine the type of application and the efficiency of the processes involved.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thermal conversion of biomass through pyrolysis allows production of materials that can be used for a wide range of applications that provide solutions to the most pressing environmental problems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, the properties of biochars will determine the type of application and the efficiency of the processes involved.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…-the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (1) -the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (2) where: k 1 is the rate constant for the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, k 2 is the rate constant for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, q e is the amount of solute adsorbed et equilibrium and q t is the amount of solvent adsorbed at time t.…”
Section: Isothermmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The presence of drugs in treated wastewater was reported as early as in 1976 (clofibric acid -USA) [1]. Since that time, a wide range of almost all pharmaceutical types have been found in untreated and treated wastewater, surface water and even drinking water [2]. The presence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater is due to their common use in the prophylaxis and treatment of people and animals as well as in agriculture (including fish farming) [3] and therefore, the pharmaceuticals are found in municipal wastewater.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, they are observed in waste water, surface water, ground water, and even in drinking water [1][2][3][4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The highest concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in treated sewage were as follows: ibuprofen -22.6 µg/L, naproxen -7.76 µg/L and diclofenac -0.07 µg/L [17]. Of great concern is the fact that pharmaceuticals are also observed in drinking water [4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%