Fate and Transport of High Explosives in a Sandy Soil: Adsorption and Desorption

Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Morley, Matthew C.; Speitel, Gerald E.; Clausen, Jay L.

doi:10.1080/10588330490500419

Cited by 61 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In their experiments, the maximum RDX and TNT concentrations were approximately 40 and 110 mg L À1 , respectively (Phelan et al, 2002). The lower concentrations observed during our experiments were most likely due to mass transfer limitations imposed by flow conditions in the packed soil column, but interactions between dissolved contaminants and the soil particles, particularly for TNT (Yamamoto et al, 2004), may have reduced effluent concentrations.…”

Section: Continuous-flow Experiment-comp Bmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The effluent TNT concentration decreased considerably between 50 and 72 h of operation, but remained much higher than the 22 mg L À1 observed during the continuous-flow experiment. This decrease may have been caused by the onset of chemical or biological degradation reactions, which significantly affect transport of TNT through this aquifer material (Yamamoto et al, 2004).…”

Section: Intermittent-flow Experiment-comp Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tracer tests were conducted in associated research (Yamamoto et al, 2004) to estimate D h for one of the flow conditions used in this research (D h = 26.56 cm 2 day À1 for m s = 29.09 cm day À1 ; same aquifer material). D h was estimated for the other two flow conditions using the correlation proposed by Freeze and Cherry (1979):…”

Section: Dissolution Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Morley

Yamamoto

Speitel

et al. 2006

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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Solid phase high explosive (HE) residues from munitions detonation may be a persistent source of soil and groundwater contamination at military training ranges. Saturated soil column tests were conducted to observe the dissolution behavior of individual components (RDX, HMX, and TNT) from two HE formulations (Comp B and C4). HE particles dissolved readily, with higher velocities yielding higher dissolution rates, higher mass transfer coefficients, and lower effluent concentrations. Effluent concentrations were below solubility limits for all components at superficial velocities of 10-50 cm day À1. Under continuous flow at 50 cm day À1 , RDX dissolution rates from Comp B and C4 were 34.6 and 97.6 Ag h À1 cm À2 (based on initial RDX surface area), respectively, significantly lower than previously reported dissolution rates. Cycling between flow and no-flow conditions had a small effect on the dissolution rates and effluent concentrations; however, TNT dissolution from Comp B was enhanced under intermittent-flow conditions. A model that includes advection, dispersion, and film transfer resistance was developed to estimate the steady-state effluent concentrations. D

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Section: Continuous-flow Experiment-comp Bmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Intermittent-flow Experiment-comp Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Morley

Yamamoto

Speitel

et al. 2006

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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“…The organic carbon fraction in soil also plays a major role in the adsorption of explosive compounds. Yamamoto et al [38] determined that the surface partition coefficient (K d ) values for TNT, 2,4-DNT, and RDX were dependent on the organic carbon fraction. In addition, TNT and 2,4-DNT were more strongly adsorbed compared to RDX.…”

Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

155

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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“…Because RDX is mobile in soils and persistent, it has also been detected in groundwater or drinking water at some of these sites (1,2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Effects to Reaction Mechanisms during Aerobic or Anaerobic Degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine) by Pure Bacterial Cultures

Fuller

Heraty

Condee

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Kinetic isotopic fractionation of carbon and nitrogen during RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) biodegradation was investigated with pure bacterial cultures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Relatively large bulk enrichments in 15 ؊ production were much larger than, but systematically related to, the bulk RDX N isotope effects with different bacteria. Apparent intrinsic 15 N-NO 2 ؊ values were consistent with an initial denitration pathway in the aerobic experiments and more complex processes of NO 2 ؊ formation associated with anaerobic ring cleavage. These results indicate the potential for isotopic analysis of residual RDX for the differentiation of degradation pathways and indicate that further efforts to examine the isotopic composition of potential RDX degradation products (e.g., NO x ) in the environment are warranted. IMPORTANCEThis work provides the first systematic evaluation of the isotopic fractionation of carbon and nitrogen in the organic explosive RDX during degradation by different pathways. It also provides data on the isotopic effects observed in the nitrite produced during RDX biodegradation. Both of these results could lead to better understanding of the fate of RDX in the environment and help improve monitoring and remediation technologies. Explosives manufacturing, testing, and training range activities have resulted in the release of explosive compounds, including the nitramine explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), in soils at numerous U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) installations. Because RDX is mobile in soils and persistent, it has also been detected in groundwater or drinking water at some of these sites (1, 2).There has been extensive research examining the biological degradation of explosive compounds by pure cultures of bacteria as well as mixed consortia (for a review, see reference 3). RDX biodegradation has been observed under a range of redox conditions (4-9), and at least three predominant degradation pathways have been elucidated (Fig. 1). Typically, RDX is degraded anaerobically as an electron acceptor, requiring a carbon source as an electron donor, and entails either successive reduction of the three nitro groups via successive two-electron (2e Ϫ ) transfers followed by ring cleavage (pathway A) or an earlier opening of the ring structure (pathway B1), with or without initial denitration (pathway B2). The specific mechanism of ring destabilization and the steps that lead to ring cleavage may be variable and remain subject to debate (6,7,10). A denitration reaction that converts hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) (in pathway A) through multiple intermediates to methylenedinitramine (MEDINA) (in pathway B) under anaerobic conditions has also been proposed (7,11,12). Aerobic degradation proceeds via two single-electron transfer steps resulting in sequential denitration (2 NO 2 Ϫ removed) followed by ring cleavage and production of 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB) (pathway C) (7). Some bacteria are able to utilize R...

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Fate and Transport of High Explosives in a Sandy Soil: Adsorption and Desorption

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Dissolution kinetics of high explosives particles in a saturated sandy soil

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Relating Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Effects to Reaction Mechanisms during Aerobic or Anaerobic Degradation of RDX (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine) by Pure Bacterial Cultures

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