Fate of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Its Metabolites in Natural and Model Soil Systems

Sheremata, Tamara W.; Thiboutot, Sonia; Ampleman, Guy; Paquet, Louise; Halasz, and Annamaria; Hawari, Jalal

doi:10.1021/es9901011

Cited by 55 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The number of amino groups on nitroaromatic compounds influences the sorption capacity of these compounds. Sheremata et al [34] determined that sorption capacity constants increased with an increase in the number of amino groups (2,4-DANT a higher than 4-ADNT b higher than TNT). Clay minerals have a significant impact on the adsorption of nitroaromatics in soils, however, sorption is greatly influenced by the clay's exchangeable cations [35][36][37].…”

Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

156

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

156

143

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“…Significant differences in TNT sorption behavior were observed between low (0.02%) and high (8%) organic matter soils (Sheremata et al 1999). Absorption into natural organic matter (NOM) has been identified as a significant process for organic contaminants in environments where NOM is greater than >0.2% , which would be expected in estuarine systems.…”

Section: Abiotic -Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoleune (TNT) in Coastal Waters and Sediments

Walker¹,

Osburn²,

Boyd³

et al. 2006

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)11 Unclassified Unclassified UnclassifiedUnlimited 42Michael T. Montgomery 202-404-6419Mineralization rates of 14C-TNT, -DNT, and -DAT were measured in surface sediments, with depth in sediment cores, and in the water column during 12 research cruises over the past 4 years in the San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Hawaii. Mineralization rates were also compared to uptake and incorporation rates of TNT, DNT, and DAT into the natural microbial assemblage. In general, the bacterial mineralizations rates were similar, or an order of magnitude faster, than those for organic hydrocarbons measured at the same time. Using seawater sampled from a historical UXO field, we found that while bacterial mineralization was rapid (>1 ug L-1 d-1, unfiltered water in dark), photodegradation was even faster (16 ug L-1 d-1, filtered water in light) and the combination of light and unfiltered water was greater than the sum of the two rates (103 ug L-1 d-1), suggesting either that the prescnce of active phytoplankton is important or photodegradation enhances bacterial mineralization.

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“…Because of their poor soil sorption properties (Sheremata et al, 1999) and their relatively high solubilities, compared to other energetic materials, these compounds have been found to contaminate groundwater at military facilities where explosive materials are packaged and handled (Spanggord et al, 1980;Oh et al, 2001). Although there are little data to establish their human toxicity at low concentrations, these compounds are generally regarded as possible human carcinogens due to their ability to cause adverse effects in a variety of different organisms, including hepatic tumors in mice (ATSDR, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of RDX- and HMX-contaminated groundwater using organic mulch permeable reactive barriers

Ahmad¹,

Schnitker

Newell³

2007

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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Organic mulch is a complex organic material that is typically populated with its own consortium of microorganisms. The organisms in mulch breakdown complex organics to soluble carbon, which can then be used by these and other microorganisms as an electron donor for treating RDX and HMX via reductive pathways. A bench-scale treatability study with organic mulch was conducted for the treatment of RDX-and HMX-contaminated groundwater obtained from a plume at the Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD) in Pueblo, Colorado. The site-specific cleanup criteria of 0.55 ppb RDX and 602 ppb HMX were used as the logical goals of the study. Column flow-through tests were run to steady-state at the average site seepage velocity, using a 70%:30% (vol.:vol.) mulch:pea gravel packing to approach the formation's permeability. Significant results included: (1) Complete removal of 90 ppb influent RDX and 8 ppb influent HMX in steady-state mulch column effluent; (2) pseudo-first-order steady-state kinetic rate constant, k, of 0.20 to 0.27 h − 1 based on RDX data, using triplicate parallel column runs;(3) accumulation of reduced RDX intermediates in the steady-state column effluent at less than 2% of the influent RDX mass; (4) no binding of RDX to the column fill material; and (5) This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States.be used to design and implement a pilot-scale organic mulch/pea gravel permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the site.

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Fate of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Its Metabolites in Natural and Model Soil Systems

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Mineralization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoleune (TNT) in Coastal Waters and Sediments

Remediation of RDX- and HMX-contaminated groundwater using organic mulch permeable reactive barriers

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