Fate of Estrogens and Estrogenic Potentials in Sewerage Systems

Occurrence, removal and bioaccumulation of steroid estrogens in Dianchi Lake catchment, China

“…The concentrations of E1 and E3 were significantly higher than those of E2 and EE2, which was in accordance with other reports. The average concentrations of E1, E3, E2 and EE2 including the 95% confidence interval for 130 municipal STPs from 14 countries were 47.1 ± 10.3 ng/L, 56.1 ± 19.1 ng/L, 14.6 ± 2.8 ng/L and 8.2 ± 5.8 ng/L in influents, while 12.7 ± 3.8 ng/L, 7.2 ± 2.8 ng/L, 5.1 ± 1.9 ng/L and 2.4 ± 1.4 ng/L in effluents, respectively (Limpiyakorn et al, 2011). The relatively high mean concentrations of total steroid estrogens (∑SEs) in influents were found in STP-2 (221.2 ng/L) and STP-4 (230.5 ng/L), possibly due to the large portion of domestic wastewater, since other STPs (147.0-176.7 ng/L) were influenced by industrial wastewater.…”

“…The occurrence and removal of the estrogens in various processes of STPs have been reported in several studies around the world (Zhang et al, 2011). It suggests that STP effluent is responsible for the input of estrogenic contaminants into aquatic ecosystems (Khanal et al, 2006;Limpiyakorn et al, 2011). Many studies have documented the influence of STP effluents on receiving rivers of China (Chang et al, 2009(Chang et al, , 2011, France (Labadie and Budzinski, 2005), Germany (Kuch and Ballschmiter, 2001), U.K. (Gomes et al, 2011;Grover et al, 2011a,b;Williams et al, 2003) and Korea (Ra et al, 2011).…”

Removal of ethinylestradiol (EE2) from water via adsorption on aliphatic polyamides

“…A specific group of trace organic contaminants that has already raised international concerns is endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs constitute a diverse group of chemicals including natural and synthetic estrogens, plastic additives, industrial detergents, and pharmaceutical compounds that can elicit estrogenic responses in human and vertebrates at trace levels (Harris et al, 2011;Limpiyakorn et al, 2011;Ying et al, 2002). Nation-and region-wide environmental surveys and risk assessments on EDCs were commissioned in the United States (Kolpin et al, 2002), European Union (Groshart and Okkerman, 2000;Johnson and Harvey, 2002;Okkerman and van der Putte, 2002;Petersen et al, 2007), Australia (Williams et al, 2007;Ying et al, 2004), and New Zealand (Sarmah et al, 2006), which identified the ubiquitous presence of EDCs in treated sewage effluent and receiving natural waters.…”

Comparative study of wastewater disinfection by-product formation during wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid versus sodium hypochlorite

“…Among the extensive suite of various EDCs/Pharmaceuticals found in water, 17p-estradiol (E2), clofibric acid and ketoprofen have been selected and focused on in this research to study PAA oxidation efficiency and DBP formation. The reasons are that these chemicals are frequently measured but not easily removed by either chlorination or ozone oxidation in WWTP [18,[20][21][23][24][25], and their high degree of persistence in environment has led to long-lasting effects on various water matrices, aquatic wildlife, farm animals, and even food chain [23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

“…17|3-estradiol (E2) is a sex hormone, and is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure ( Figure 1.1 [28]), compared to estrone (El) and estriol (E3). Its estrogenic effect is about 10 times as potent as estrone's and about 80 times as potent as estriol's.…”