Fate of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins during the production of apple concentrates

Pavicich, María Agustina; Boevre, Marthe De; Vidal, Arnau; Iturmendi, Facundo; Mikula, Hannes; Warth, Benedikt; Marko, Doris; Saeger, Sarah De; Patriarca, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107388

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…AOH‐3‐sulfate (up to 2.1 ng/g) and AME‐3‐sulfate (up to 17.5 ng/g) were detected in 9% and 34% of tomato sauces accounting for 7–100% of their parent toxin concentrations (Puntscher et al., 2019b). In a recent study, the fate of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins was investigated during six stages of apple concentrate production (grinding, turbos, decanter muds, preconcentration, concentrate and rejection)(Pavicich et al., 2020). The contamination levels of 10 Alternaria toxins/metabolites including AOH‐3‐sulfate, AOH‐3‐glucoside, AME‐3‐sulfate, and AME‐3‐glucoside were tested.…”

Section: Advances In Analytical Capabilities and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternaria toxins—Still emerging?

Aichinger

Favero

Warth

et al. 2021

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Alternaria molds are known to cause the contamination of food with their secondary metabolites, a chemically very heterogeneous group of compounds. Yet, after decades of research on the occurrence and the toxicity of Alternaria toxins in academia, no regulation has been implemented yet, thus leaving these potential food contaminants in the status of so-called "emerging mycotoxins". However, research on this topic has been far from static, leading to the European Food Safety Authority repeatedly calling for more data on the occurrence and toxicity of genotoxic metabolites such as alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME). To give an overview on recent developments in the field, this comprehensive review summarizes published data and addresses current challenges arising from the chemical complexity of Alternaria's metabolome, mixture effects and the emergence of novel biological targets like cell membranes or the interaction with different receptors. Besides toxicodynamics, we review recent research on toxicokinetics, including the first in vivo studies which incorporated the rarely investigated-but highly genotoxic-perylene quinones. Furthermore, a particular focus lies on the advances of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based analytical tools for determining a broader spectrum of Alternaria toxins including modified/masked forms and assessing exposure via human biomonitoring (HBM).

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Section: Advances In Analytical Capabilities and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternaria toxins—Still emerging?

Aichinger

Favero

Warth

et al. 2021

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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“…Several sample preparation and separation techniques are required because Alternaria can infest various analytical materials. SIDA (stable isotops dilution assays) is a fantastic method for recouping analyte losses during sample preparation and minimizing ion suppression at the ESI interface ( Pavicich et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, SIDA is a useful tool in analytical applications, such as trace analysis, increasing the accuracy of quantitative results and improving the specificity of the determination ( Graybill and Bailey, 2016 ).…”

Section: Detection Technology Of Patulin and Alternaria ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products

Bacha

Nie

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These inferior apples with MC often go undetected on the fruit surface, raising food safety concerns due to the mycotoxins produced by pathogens. Up to now, most of the research on mycotoxin metabolism of diverse pathogens associated with apple MC has primarily focused on Fusarium, 6 Alternaria, 7,8 and Penicillium. 9,10 The plant pathogenic fungus Trichothecium roseum has been identified as a significant contributor to apple core rot and mycotoxin contamination during both harvest and postharvest storage in China.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, moldy apple core is classified based on three morphological symptoms: core browning, typical MC, and core rot . Phylogenetic analyses of apple MC have revealed a diverse pathogen composition, with Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Trichothecium being the most frequent pathogenic fungi. − These diverse pathogens colonize the apple core, leading to excessive preharvest fruit-drop. These inferior apples with MC often go undetected on the fruit surface, raising food safety concerns due to the mycotoxins produced by pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Trichothecene Mycotoxins from a Rotten Moldy Apple Core-Derived Trichothecium roseum: Occurrence, Identification, and Potential Transfer to Commercial Apple Juice

Wang,

Xiong,

Lai

et al. 2023

ACS Food Sci. Technol.

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Trichotherosin A (1), a new trichothecene precursor derivative, along with six known trichothecene mycotoxins (2− 7), was isolated from Trichothecium roseum KIB-093, a plant pathogenic fungus associated with a rotten moldy apple core. Their structures were elucidated based on their HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) data as well as theoretical calculations. Trichothecene mycotoxins are widely recognized for their potent toxicity. Compounds 1−7 were all active in a cytotoxicity screening, with no selectivity toward either normal human cell lines or human cancer cell lines. Among them, 2 was the most cytotoxic, with the smallest IC 50 value being 33 nM. T. roseum is recognized as one of the main pathogenic fungi causing apple core rot. It is of great possibility for infected apples to be utilized in the apple-based beverage industry. According to the cytotoxicity results, qualitative determination of compounds 2−7, the isolated members characterized by a 12,13epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) core skeleton with certain cytotoxic effects, was performed using HPLC-HR-ESI-Q-TOF-MS (highperformance liquid chromatography-high resolution-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry) in 10 different commercial apple juices. All compounds 2−7 were detectable, with the detection rates ranging from 13.33 to 80%, indicating the potential contamination of trichothecene mycotoxins in certain apple juices, which could pose health risks to consumers.

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Fate of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins during the production of apple concentrates

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

Alternaria toxins—Still emerging?

Alternaria toxins—Still emerging?

Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products

Natural Trichothecene Mycotoxins from a Rotten Moldy Apple Core-Derived Trichothecium roseum: Occurrence, Identification, and Potential Transfer to Commercial Apple Juice

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