Fate of Influenza A Virus Proteins

Wu, Guang; Yan, Shaomin

doi:10.2174/092986606775974474

Cited by 29 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Among our three random approaches (for review, see [5,6,7,8]), the simplest one is the amino-acid pair predictability, by which we view if the combination of two adjacent amino acids can be explained by the permutation. For a whole protein, we can determine the percentage of how many amino-acid pairs can be predicted according to the permutation.…”

Section: Converting Pb2 Proteins Into Scalar Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1999, our group has developed three approaches to convert either a single amino acid or a protein into a scalar datum based on random principle (for review, see [5,6,7,8]). Using our approaches, we can effectively represent a protein family over time, which provides the basis for conducting the study on analyzing the trends in global warming and evolution of proteins of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in global warming and evolution of polymerase basic protein 2 family from influenza a virus

Yan¹,

Wu²

2009

JBiSE

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Both global warming and influenza trouble humans in varying ways, therefore it is important to study the trends in both global warming and evolution of influenza A virus, in particular, proteins from influenza A virus. Recently, we have conducted two studies along this line to determine the trends between global warming and polymerase acidic protein as well as matrix protein 2. Although these two studies reveal some interesting findings, many studies are still in need because at least there are ten different proteins in influenza A virus. In this study, we analyze the trends in global warming and evolution of polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) from influenza A virus. The PB2 evolution from 1956 to 2008 was defined using the unpredictable portion of amino-acid pair. Then the trend in this evolution was compared with the trend in the global temperature, the temperature in north and south hemispheres, and the temperature in influenza A virus sampling site and species carrying influenza A virus. The results show the similar trends in global warming and in PB2 evolution, which are in good agreement with our previous studies in polymerase acidic protein and matrix protein 2 from influenza A virus.

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Section: Converting Pb2 Proteins Into Scalar Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in global warming and evolution of polymerase basic protein 2 family from influenza a virus

Yan¹,

Wu²

2009

JBiSE

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“…Since 1999, our group has developed three approaches to change a 20-letter symbolized protein into a scalar datum based on the random mechanism [2][3][4][5] , not only because pure chance is now considered to lie at the very heart of nature [6] , but also more importantly the random approach is frequently used when we have no detailed knowledge on a process, in our case, we have no detailed knowledge on all the mutation causes. On the other hand, the data changed by random approach reflects only a single aspect of a protein, as height and weight reflect different aspects of life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What These Trends Suggest?

Yan¹,

Wu²

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement:Global warming is one of most significant factors affecting the biological evolution and the influenza is the disease that threatens humans with possible epidemics or pandemics. It would be important to understand if the global warming would have potential impact on the evolution of influenza virus. For this aim, the first would be to study the trend of evolution of proteins from influenza A virus and compare it with the trend in global warming. Approach: The evolution of polymerase acidic proteins of influenza A virus from 1918-2008 was defined using the unpredictable portion of amino-acid pair predictability. Then the trend in this evolution was compared with the trend in the global temperature, the temperature in north and south hemispheres and the temperature in influenza A virus sampling site and species carrying influenza A virus. Results: The similar trend was found between global warming and evolution of polymerase acidic proteins although we could not correlate them at this stage of study. Conclusion: The study suggested the potential impact of global warming on the evolution of proteins from influenza A virus.

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“…In this way, we can present each hemagglutinin with an unambiguous value seeing that we can view each hemagglutinin as a sample from its evolution and a sample from the evolution of influenza A virus. Also, both amino-acid pair predictability and amino-acid distribution rank are very sensitive to mutations in hemagglutinins [3,8,12] , in particular, our first approach reveals the mutation in individual amino-acid pair and the second one indicates the sensitive position. We can therefore compare different hemagglutinins with respect to species, subtypes, etc.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…117 Avian 141 1966-2003 Human 7 1998-1999 Swine 23 1998-2003 H10 Avian 3 1949 Minks 3 1984 H11 Avian 3 1956 H12 Avian 2 1976 H13 Avian 8 1977-1984 Whale 3 1984 H14 Avian 3 1982 H15 Avian 2 1979, 1983 H16 Avian 3 1999 Unidentified Avian 5 1963-2000 Equine 2 1971, 1976 Human 14 1994-1998 Swine 5 [1986][1987][1988][1989][1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998] Computational mutation calculation: The rationale and detailed description of our approaches have been published in our previous publications (for details, see review articles [3,7,8] ) and we describe our approaches with the example of the hemagglutinin of 1918 "Spanish" influenza A virus (accession number AF117241), which is the earliest complete sequence documented in the data bank [9,10] .…”

Section: Am J Infectious Dis 1 (2): 116-123 2005mentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching of Main Cause Leading to Severe Influenza A Virus Mutations and Consequently to Influenza Pandemics/Epidemics

Wu¹,

Yan²

2005

American J. of Infectious Diseases

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Abstract:The unpredictable mutations in the proteins from influenza A virus lead to the great difficulty in prevention of possible outbreak of bird flu and pandemic/epidemic of influenza. This unpredictability is due to the fact that we know little about the causes that lead to the mutations. In three of our recent studies on the hemagglutinins from influenza A virus, we unintentionally noticed the periodicity of mutations in hemagglutinins similar to the periodicity of sunspot. We calculated the amino-acid pair predictability and amino-acid distribution rank, which are developed by us over last several years and can numerically present the evolution of proteins in question, of 1217 full-length hemagglutinins from influenza A viruses. We then used the fast Fourier transform to determine the periodicity of mutations in the hemagglutinins. We compare the periodicities of mutations in influenza A virus hemagglutinins with those of solar and galactic cosmic rays and find a main periodicity of the mutations identical to that of sunspot and neutron rate (11 years/circle). Then we plot the sunspot number with respect to the historical pandemics/epidemics/non-pandemic new strains over last three centuries and compare the recorded sunspots with the historical pandemics before 1700. Both show a good agreement between sunspot activity and influenza related events. As the histories of Sun and galaxy are incomparably much longer than the history of influenza virus, the only logical deduction is that the hemagglutinin periodicities, which are identical to the periodicities of solar and galactic cosmic rays, are attribute to the solar and galactic activity. As the hemagglutinin is a sample of influenza A virus, we can logically deduce the role of migratory wild birds on the outbreak of bird flu and influenza, that is, cosmic rays are heading towards the polar regions, where more mutations occur in influenza A virus either within the wild birds or in their living environments and as the winter approaches, these waterfowl fly forwards warm south bringing back the new mutated influenza A virus leading to outbreak of bird flu or influenza.

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Fate of Influenza A Virus Proteins

Cited by 29 publications

References 24 publications

Trends in global warming and evolution of polymerase basic protein 2 family from influenza a virus

Trends in global warming and evolution of polymerase basic protein 2 family from influenza a virus

What These Trends Suggest?

Searching of Main Cause Leading to Severe Influenza A Virus Mutations and Consequently to Influenza Pandemics/Epidemics

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