Fate of ochratoxin a in goats

Abstract

The fate of ochratoxin A (OA) was studied in goats given a single oral dose of 3H-OA (0.5 mg/kg). More than 90% of the radioactivity was found to be excreted in 7 days and the majority (53%) was found in feces. Thirty-eight percent, 6% and 2.26% of the activity was found in urine, milk and serum, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidney 6 hours after feeding amounted to 1.5 and 0.5% of the total dose administered, respectively. Subsequent fractionation of liver and kidney homogenates revealed that microsomes, ribosomes and post-ribosomal supernatant fractions contained most radioactivity. Thin layer chromatographic analyses revealed two additional radioactive spots with Rf values and fluorescent characteristics different from OA, Oalpha and 4-OH-OA. Whereas OA was found as the unaltered molecule in feces, the metabolites were primarily found in urine and milk. Less than 0.03% of free OA was found in milk during the 7-day period.

Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feed and food production

“…Ochratoxin A in barley was also degraded during malting (Krogh et al, 1974) and the final fermentation of beer brewing . The finding of ochratoxin a as a degradation product (Nip et al, 1975) indicates that peptidase activities, produced during malting, were responsible for ochratoxin degradation during the brewing process.…”

Ochratoxin A in Ruminants–A Review on Its Degradation by Gut Microbes and Effects on Animals

“…On individual occasions, ochratoxin C (OTC; difference to OTA: ethyl-esterified carboxy-group of phenylalanine) [69] or other, unknown substances [103] have been described as metabolites, but at least in the former case a confusion of a protein-OTA complex with OTC can not be excluded completely [101]. In vitro results also indicate that any OTC appearing in the rumen would be metabolized to OTA at a high rate, and therefore finally be degraded to OTα [101].…”

“…Traces of OTA were found on days 3, 4 and 5 after the start for the cow on the 1.66 mg/kg dose of OTA, and no OTA was found at daily doses <1.66 mg/kg. In goats given a single dose of 0.5 mg OTA/kg, recovery of OTA and OTA metabolites in milk was about 6% of the total excretion (faeces: ~54%; urine 38%; 2.3% in serum) [103]. Of this 6%, about 14% were in the form of OTA, and the rest in the form of 3 other metabolites not further characterised.…”

Can glyphosate’s disruption of the gut microbiome and induction of sulfate deficiency explain the epidemic in gout and associated diseases in the industrialized world?

“…The association of alcohol consumption, and especially beer consumption [70], with gout could be due in part to the fact that beer is produced using brewers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Beer contains high levels of urate and can also contain ochratoxin, a mycotoxin produced by Saccharamyces [71]. Ochratoxin, as well as other mycotoxins, disrupts the tight junction proteins in the gut barrier, causing leakage of materials from the gut lumen into the general circulation [72].…”