Fate of the pathogen indicators phage ΦX174 and Ascaris suum eggs during the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine

Decrey, Loïc; Udert, Kai M.; Tilley, Elizabeth; Pecson, Brian M.; Kohn, Tamar

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.06.042

Cited by 70 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In the porewater, parameters of interest are the pH, ionic strength and the concentration of NH 3 , which is a known biocide. Decrey et al 16 performed a simulation of these parameters as a function of moisture reduction in struvite (at 35°C , Low RH). The NH 3 concentration declines rapidly with moisture, and the pH approaches neutral.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For laboratory-scale experiments, each struvite cake was produced in sterile reactors as previously described from 1 L of urine by adding 1.5 g MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), gently stirring for 10 min, and filtering through a nylon filter (pore diameter ≅ 18−240 μm) cut to fit the filtration unit (45 mm diameter) using a manual pump. 16 For pilot-scale experiments, four struvite batches were produced from reactors built and maintained by EWS. 9 Urine storage tanks were mixed with a peristaltic pump prior to being pumped into the reactor.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Larger sized helminth ova accumulate in struvite during filtration and require elevated temperatures and reduced moisture contents in the struvite to achieve inactivation. 16 The fate of bacteria in urine during struvite recovery and processing has not been previously described.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Bischel

Schindelholz

Schoger

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Human urine can be processed into market-attractive fertilizers like struvite; however, concerns regarding the microbial safety of such products remain. The present study evaluated the inactivation of in situ heterotrophs, total bacteria as observed by flow cytometry, and inoculated Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella typhimurium during the drying of struvite under controlled temperature (from 5 to 35°C) and relative humidity (approximately 40 and 80%) as well as dynamic field conditions. Bacteria accumulated in the struvite cake during struvite filtration. Despite the use of sublethal temperatures, all bacteria types were subsequently inactivated to some degree during struvite drying, and the inactivation typically increased with increasing drying temperature for a given relative humidity. Heterotrophic bacteria inactivation mirrored the trend in total bacteria during struvite drying. A linear relationship was observed between inactivation and sample moisture content. However, bacteria survivor curves were typically nonlinear when struvite was dried at low relative humidity, indicating bacterial persistence. Weibull model survivor curve fits indicated that a shift in the mechanism of inactivation may occur with changing humidity. For increased efficiency of bacterial inactivation during the production of struvite, initial heating under moist conditions is recommended followed by desiccation.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Bischel

Schindelholz

Schoger

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Hoglund also found with rotavirus, a double stranded RNA virus, inactivation occurred during specific conditions, greater than 20˚C and longer than one month storage, increasing the necessity for storage or sterilization before use. Recovery of struvite from source-separated urine has revealed accumulation of pathogens can occur, with partial inactivation occurring with application of product heat and drying (Decrey et al 2011). …”

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigation into struvite precipitated from source-separated urine dosed with bacteriophage PhiX174 and Ascaris suum eggs indicated an inclusion of both (Decrey et al 2011). Decrey also observed that drying struvite using heat can increase the inactivation of pathogens, decreasing associated concern of inclusion.…”

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Gagnon¹

2016

proc water environ fed

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Source-separating urine for nutrient recovery may provide multiple benefits with regards to wastewater management, water conservation, and an impending phosphorus fertilizer shortage. Municipal wastewater systems are designed to treat the combination of urine, feces and graywater produced in household applications. Urine accounts for 1% of wastewater by volume, but provides 70-90% of nitrogen, 35-70% of phosphorus and 50% of the contaminants of emerging concern entering municipal wastewater treatment (Larsen and Gujer 1996). Research has shown managing source-separated urine for nutrient recovery is a more cost effective and less treatment intensive method than using traditional systems found in municipal wastewater plants.Phosphorus fertilizer shortages are projected as current sources diminish and become increasingly difficult to extract and refine. Phosphorus based-fertilizer recovery, in the form of 99.9% pure struvite also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH 4 PO 4 •6H 2 O), has been demonstrated successfully in full-scale sidestream treatment using dewatering liquor from anaerobically digested solids (centrate) processed through upflow fluidized bed reactor technologies (Britton et al. 2005). Prior research determined the influence of pH, magnesium to phosphorus (Mg:P) molar ratio, and age of urine on purity, pharmaceutical content and pathogen inclusion in struvite precipitated from source-separated urine. This is the first known example of an attempt to produce a commercially viable struvite product from source-separated urine in a fluidized bed reactor of a design that has been used successfully for struvite recovery in conventional wastewater applications.In order to assess the feasibility of nutrient recovery of phosphorus-based fertilizer recovery from source-separated urine, the first office-based urine separation and collection building was implemented in the U.S. Urine was collected, in a 400 gallon capacity underground sealed manhole, from HRSD's Main office building beginning in March 2015 from five men's waterless urinals and one women's separating toilet. Urine was collected from the manhole on a monthly basis in 275 and 330 gallon plastic totes stored at the HRSD Nansemond WWTP in Suffolk, VA. Collected urine was allowed to age while in storage to encourage the precipitation of excess multivalent cations that may interfere with struvite precipitation and inactivation of pathogens that may be present.An upflow fluidized bed reactor (UFBR) was used to precipitate and recover struvite as slowrelease phosphorus based fertilizer (prill); the reactor was loaned to Hampton Roads Sanitation iii District by the University of British Columbia. A magnesium solution was injected at the bottom of the reactor to facilitate precipitation along with the recycle urine stream and feed urine. Prill production design for the reactor was 0.5 kilograms per day, but while using centrate to determine best operations practices, under loading the reactor to 0.25 kilograms per day maximized struvite rec...

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Ion‐exchange softening of human urine to control precipitation

Boyer

Taylor

Reed

et al. 2013

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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A major barrier to widespread implementation of urine source-separation is the uncontrolled precipitation of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) minerals in waterless urinal plumbing, which results in clogging that increases maintenance requirements. The goal of this research was to investigate the use of ion-exchange softening of undiluted, fresh human urine to control precipitation reactions in hydrolyzed urine. The working hypothesis was that selective removal of Ca and Mg from undiluted, fresh urine by cation exchange resin would decrease the precipitation of Ca and Mg minerals in hydrolyzed urine. Ion-exchange experiments and precipitation experiments were used to investigate ion-exchange reactions in synthetic urine. Cation exchange resin (Amberlite A200C) removed both Ca and Mg from undiluted, fresh urine with a greater affinity for Ca over Mg. Precipitation experiments showed that struvite, MgNH 4 PO 4 Á6H 2 O, and hydroxyapatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH), were the dominant minerals in untreated and ion-exchange treated hydrolyzed urine. Overall, ion-exchange softening decreased the mass of solids that would be deposited in the urinal plumbing and increased the phosphate available for nutrient recovery.

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Fate of the pathogen indicators phage ΦX174 and Ascaris suum eggs during the production of struvite fertilizer from source-separated urine

Abstract: (T. Kohn).A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / w a t r e s w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 4 9 6 0 e4 9 7 2 0043-1354/$ e see front matter ª

Cited by 70 publications

References 47 publications

Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Bacteria Inactivation during the Drying of Struvite Fertilizers Produced from Stored Urine

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Ion‐exchange softening of human urine to control precipitation

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